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CRIMINOLOGY Part 4 Understanding criminal justice - Coggle Diagram
CRIMINOLOGY Part 4 Understanding
criminal justice
23 Penology and punishment
What is punishment?
Utilitarian or consequentialist approaches
Deterrence
General deterrence
Individual deterrence
Rehabilitation
Incapacitation
Retributivism
Just deserts
The sociology of punishment
Émile Durkheim
Max Weber
Marxism
Norbert Elias
Michel Foucault
The impact of Foucault
Conclusion: an era of mass incarceration?
24 Understanding criminal justice
Government and criminal justice
Home Office
Home Secretary
Ministry of Justice
Attorney General’s Office
The criminal justice system
Major agencies, organisations and actors
The police
Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
Probation
Youth Offending Teams
Prisons
Criminal courts
Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC)
Community Safety Partnerships (CSPs)
Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority (CICA)
Forensic Science Service (FSS)
Parole Board
Volunteers in the criminal justice system
Criminal justice in Scotland
Is it really a system?
The criminal justice process
Fixed penalty notices
Expenditure and employment
Management and oversight in criminal justice
New public management
Youth Justice Board
Inspectorates
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary for England, Wales and Northern Ireland (HMIC)
Her Majesty’s Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI)
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons for England and Wales (HMIP)
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation for England and Wales (HMI Probation)
Prisons and Probation Ombudsman
Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC)
Politics and criminal justice reform
Understanding criminal justice
Adversarial versus inquisitorial systems
Due process versus crime control
25 Crime prevention and community safety
Defining crime prevention
Crime prevention as a policy issue
‘Five Towns’ and ‘Safer Cities’
Neighbourhood Watch
From crime prevention to community safety
Crime and Disorder Act 1998
From community safety to crime reduction
Reviewing the Crime and Disorder Act
Anti-social behaviour
‘ Broken Windows’
The anti-social behaviour and respect agendas
Crime prevention in practice
Situational crime prevention
Displacement
Social and community crime prevention
Criminality prevention
Risk-focused prevention
The Perry Pre-School Project
Cognitive-behavioural interventions with young people
Community approaches and prevention
Operation Ceasefire
Mentoring
Analysis for crime prevention
Hot spots
Repeat victimisation
Kirkholt Burglary Prevention
Project
26 Policing
The organisation of policing
Understanding policing
What do the police do?
Criminal investigation
National Intelligence Model (NIM)
Investigation and forensics
Models of policing
Community policing
Problem-oriented policing
Intelligence-led policing
Police powers
Stop and search
Arrest
Detention at the police station
Right to silence
A brief history of policing
Emergence of the ‘new police’
The Royal Commission on the Police
Problems of legitimacy
Centralisation
Key themes in policing
Police culture
Zero-tolerance policing
Police corruption
The causes of police corruption
Police governance
Plural policing
A revolution in policing?
27 Criminal courts and the court process
Introduction
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
Sufficient evidence
The public interest
Downgrading of charges
Discontinuance
Magistrates’ courts
The magistracy
The Crown Court
The judiciary
The juries
Pre-trial decisions
Bail and remand
Bail
Remand
Offending while on bail
Mode of trial decision
Defendants’ rights
Pleas and bargaining
Charge bargaining
Pleas bargaining
Evidence
Disclosure
Exclusion
Appeals
Miscarriages of justice
Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC)
28 Sentencing and non-custodial penalties
Introduction
Types of sentence
Discharges
Fines and other financial penalties
Community punishment
The community rehabilitation order
The community punishment order
The community order
The suspended sentence of imprisonment
Sentencing policy
The Criminal Justice Act 1991
Sentencing reform after the 1991 Act
The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997
Sentencing reform under New Labour
The Auld Review of Criminal Courts
The Halliday Review
Justice for All
Criminal Justice Act 2003
Sentencing reform under the Coalition government
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014
Trends in non-custodial sentencing
Probation
Punishment in the community
Crime , Justice and Protecting the Public
New Labour and probation
The probation service and ‘what works’
A national probation service
The Carter Review and the emergence of NOMS
The Coalition and Transforming Rehabilitation
Conclusion
29 Prisons and imprisonment
The rise of the prison
Imprisonment in Britain
Prison security
Strangeways and Woolf
Trends in imprisonment
Imprisonment and penal politics
International trends
Capital punishment
The prison system
Types of prison
Private prisons
Life on the inside
Prisoners
Incarceration and social exclusion
Violence in prison
Prison officers
Release from prison
Governance, accountability and human rights
Independent inspection
Grievance or complaints procedures
Human rights and imprisonment
30 Youth crime and youth justice
Youth crime
Persistent young offenders
Trends in youth crime
Ethnic minority youth and crime
Drug use and crime
Victimisation
Youth justice
Childhood and punishment
Emergence of a juvenile justice system
The tide turns
The punitive shift
The rise of managerialism
A new youth justice?
Youth Offending Teams (YOTs)
Non-custodial penalties
Anti-social behaviour
Restorative justice and referral orders
Youth justice after New Labour
Young people and the 2011 riots
Contemporary youth justice
Anti-social behaviour
Young people and imprisonment
Young offenders, custody and vulnerability
Community alternatives
Referral orders and restorative youth justice
Young people, crime and justice
31 Restorative justice
Introduction
Conflicts as property
Criminal justice and restorative justice
Defining restorative justice
The objectives of restorative justice
Victim involvement
Community involvement
Offender reintegration
Types of restorative justice
Court-based restitutive and reparative measures
Victim–offender mediation (VOM)
Restorative conferencing
Healing and sentencing circles
Healing circles
Sentencing circles
Citizens’ panels and community boards
The limits of restorative justice?
Restorative justice and corporate crime
Restorative justice and violence against women
Assessing restorative justice
Assessing restorativeness