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Biological molecules - Coggle Diagram
Biological molecules
Lipids
Function: make up the cell membrane, help with insulation and energy and hormone precursor
Not polymers, no monomers
Triglyceride: molecule made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids = molecule made up of glycerol, phosphate and 2 fatty acids
Phospholipids make up the cell membrane
Fatty acids: made of a long carbon chain
Molecules made of glycerol and fatty acids which provide a source of energy and some of them make hormones, for example.
Not soluble in water
Oils and fats
Fats are very good for insulation because they keep energy
Slow energy
Hormone precursors, we need lipids to make hormones
Progesterone and estrogen are made of lipids
Proteins/polypeptide
Function: structural proteins, enzymes, antibodies, blood clothing (fibrinogen), oxygen transport, some hormones, neurotransmitters, receptors, carrier or channel proteins
Make structures of the cell
Proteins are made up of amino acids, they are its monomers, and they join together by a bond (peptide bond = covalent bond)
Many peptide bonds = polypeptide
Polypeptide = chain of amino acids or group of amino acids
Peptide bond = bond between two amino acids
A peptide bond holds amino acids together
Amino acids
Function: break down food, the human body for example uses amino acids to make proteins to help the body
Amino acids are joined by the amino group and acid group, with one central carbon The amino group is located on the left side and the acid group is located on the right side.
There are 20 different types of amino acids, the difference between them is what they have in R (residual group)
Glycine is the smallest amino acid, it has only 1 hydrogen
The amino acids that make proteins is what makes them different
Structure
Primary
Basic chain of amino acids (specific sequence of amino acids)
Secondary
Folded chain
Tertiary (functional protein)
Folds even more to acquire a 3D shape
Quaternary (functional protein)
Complex of protein molecules
We create our own proteins, when we eat a steak for example
Structural proteins
Collagen
Gives elasticity to the skin
Keratin
Fibrous structural proteins of hair, nails, horn, hoofs, wool, feathers, between others
Actin
Muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movement, cell signaling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape
Lack of enzymes = catch a disease
Constitutent atoms of proteins
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Hydrogen (H)
Carobn (C)
Sulphur (S)
Carbohydrates
Function: energy source
Polysaccharides
Starch
made of Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
stores glucose in plants
Made of two kinds of molecules
Amylopectin
Branched molecule (mixture of Alpha 1,4 and 1,6 bond)
Amylose
Linear molecule (only alpha 1,4 bonds)
Cellulose
makes up the cell wall
made of Beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Glycogen
made of Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds and Alpha 1,6
stores glucose in animals
Disaccharides
Maltose
(2 glucoses)
Intermediate product of the digestion of starch (what you get when you eat starch)
Lactose
(1 galactose 1 glucose)
Sugar in mammals (milk)
Sucrose
(1 glucose 1 fructose)
transport glucose through the plants
Monosaccharides
Galactose
Carbon 4 facing up.
Fructose
2 carbons are left outside(only 1 in glucose and galactose).
Glucose
Carbon 4 facing down.
Two kinds
Beta glucose
The hydroxide (OH) is up (over the middle of the ring)
Alpha glucose
The hydroxide (OH) is down (under the middle of the ring)
Glycosidic bond
Condensation reaction
Two molecules (in this case glucose, or other monosaccharides) join together to form a disaccharide and water appears.
Hydrolisis
Water is used (and broken down) for the two molecules (glucose, or any other monosaccharide)) to break the glycosidic bond. Two monosaccharides are obtained whe a disaccharide bond breaks
Nucleic acids
Function: genetic information for building the proteins / instructions for building proteins