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Civics and Citizenship - Coggle Diagram
Civics and Citizenship
Types of laws
Criminal
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Simple offences
Definition
Offences are less serious than indictable offences and the penalties that can be imposed are not as great
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Civil
Contract
Definition
Definition
Contract law encompasses any laws or regulations directed toward enforcing certain promises. We all make contracts almost every day :
Example
where person A has a discussion with person B and promises to pay person B some money if person B undertakes a task.
Tort
Defamation
Definition
Occurs when and individual damages the reputation of another individual either by slander (spoken defamation) or libel (written defamation)
Example
For example an individual might spread rumours about a competitor in business in order to gain more customers. This damage tot he competitor's reputation is called defamation.
Nuisance
Definition
Occurs when an individual unreasonably interferes with another person's ability to freely enjoy or use their land.
Example
From example, an individual might cause excessive noise, odours or vibrations
Trespass
Definition
Occurs when an individual directly, intentionally or without permission interferes with another person's property
Example
For example, an individual might intentionally dump waste on another persons property without permission.
Negligence
Definition
Occurs when an individual or organisation fails to take proper care to avoid injury or loss to another individual
Example
For example, local councils must ensure that playgrounds in their community are safe and properly maintained to avoid injury to those who use them
Family
Definition
Definition
Family law, body of law regulating family relationships, including marriage and divorce, the treatment of children, and related economic matters
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Customary
Origins
Developments in customary law took place primarily after 1652, when colonial settlers arrived in South Africa. It didn't take long for the coloniser to realise that colonial law was not always appropriate or convenient for the colonised in dealing with instances of everyday life (such as family law).
European law
Similarities
constitutions in a state of development,
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fostered political unity through free trade and were seen as strengthening lands under threat from foreign powers.
Differences
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Australia
federation is a reminder of this hard won initial achievement of constitutional development,
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6 key concepts
Participation
Participating in democracy can include:
•Participating in votes
•Signing petitions
•Santacting your local member of parliament
•Campaining for a person or party
•Contributes in society
• Protesting or demonstrating important issues
Example 
Justice
Definition+Information
• Justice can mean different things for different people.
• for some people it could include:
-payback
-fairness
• The concept of justice in Australia means that people should treat eachother in a matter that is fair and balanced.
• laws and rights are in place to make sure people are treated fairly in our society.
Example
Democracy
Definition+Information
• System of government run by the people for the people.
• Citizens run the society by electing people to represent them
• At the age of 18 Australians can vote
• A direct democracy involves people meeting together to make laws
Example
The Westminster system
Definition+Information
• Has been adopted by a number of countries
• There are six roles included in the system
An independent judiciary
Example
A head government
Example
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The executive or cabinet
Example :
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Democratic values
Definition+Information
• Beliefs and ideals that are held by our society
• Democratic values include:
-Respect
-Fairness
-Freedom
-Equality
• In Australia we are free to do most things with out a punishment
Example
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How laws are made
A bill can be introduced in either chamber of Congress by a senator or representative who sponsors it.
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Statute law
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A bill becomes a law after it has been passed in the same form by the House of Representatives and the Senate and is given Royal Assent by the Governor-General. It is then called an Act of Parliament
For a bill to be passed, it must be agreed to by a majority vote in both houses of Parliament
A bill may also be sent to a parliamentary committee for further investigation before being voted on by the Parliament.
Example
A police officer pulls you over, and you are given a citation for violating the speed limit. You have broken a vehicle and traffic law. This law is established by legislature as a statute, or a law that is formally written and enacted. As a result, the law you broke was a statutory law.
Common Law
Common law is made by judges in a court, using precedent
If no past cases with similar circumstances exist, a new decision is made, which would then become a precedent for a future similar case.
If no statute law applies to cover a particular situation, common law will apply; however, statute law always overrides common law.
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The name comes from the idea that common law applied to everyone in society, not just those—such as religious ministers—who had particular rules relating to them
Example
A a person commits false imprisonment when he commits an act of restraint on another person which confines that person in a bounded area.
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