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science exam - Coggle Diagram

- - - - stomate
      - in epidermis and stem of leaves and other plant organs
      - pore
      - bordered by guard cells
      - regulated size
      - allow gases in and out of plant tissue
    - - chlorphyll
        
        green appearing pigment
  - - - warm air rises and is replaced by denser cold air
  - - - kinetic energy is transferred when particles hit eachother
        
        the speed at which this happens determines the materials themral condictivity
        
        particle vibrates and so do free electrons
        
        more free elctrons faster conduction
    - - solids are densely packed
        
        conduct heat well mostly becuase the particles have less distance to travel
        
        metal is especially good becuase of free particles
        
        positive particles surrounded by free particles
      - liquids are close but not as close as solids
      - gas heat transfer is slower becuase there is more space the particles have to move through
    - - aluminium first
        
        copper
        
        brass
        
        iron
        
        stainless steel didnt drop
- - - - primary seocndary and tertiary consuemr (can be a fourth)
    - - onyl 10% of enegy form producer for eample is passed onto the primary, 1% to seocndary consumer
    - - interlocking food chains
  - - - carbon dioxide
        
        Carbon cycles quickly between organisms and the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, carbon exists primarily as carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide cycles through the atmosphere by several different processes, including those listed below.
      - process
        
        soil repsiration
        
        sinking
        
        phtosynthesis
        
        burning
        
        respiration
        
        diffusion
        
        decomposition
        
        weathering and erosion
      - reservoir
        
        atmosphere
        
        soil orgaic carbon
        
        deep ocean sediments
        
        plants
        
        atmosphere
        
        sedimentary rocks
        
        phytoplankton
        
        deep ocean currents and sediments
      - living organisms release carbon dioxide by means of cellular respiration
      - Carbon dioxide is also removed when ocean water cools and dissolves more carbon dioxide from the air.
    - - bacteria
        
        nitrifying
        
        dentrifying
      - nitrogen fixation
        
        chemical process where mollecular nitrogen is converted to ammonia
        
        ammonia
        
        Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH
        
        amonification
        
        when waste is excreted by an organism or it dies the nitrogen in it is its organic form
        
        fungi and prokaryotes decompose these things releasing the inorganic nitrogen as ammonia
        
        ammonium
        
        stable
        
        simplest hydride
        
        In chemistry, a hydride is formally the anion of hydrogen
        
        colourless gas
        
        bad smell
      - assimilation
      - detritivores
      - amino acids and proteins in animals
      - detritus
      - 78% of atmosphere is mlecular nitrogen
    - - transpiration
      - sublimation
      - precipitation
      - deposition
      - infiltration
      - percolation
      - condensation
  - - - co2+oxygen + light = Glucose + O2
    - - stomatal
        
        is the process through which water is lost through the stomata. This water loss accounts for roughly 80%-90% of the water lost from the plant
      - lenticular
        
        is the loss of water from plants as vapor through the lenticels. The lenticels are tiny openings that protrude from the barks in woody stems and twigs as well as in other plant organs
      - Cuticular
        
        the transpiration of gases or vapor directly through the external membranes
  - - - air and gases in on and around earth
      - upper lakyer protects from uv
      - absorvs and emits heat
      - exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere
    - - all water on earth
        
        oceans ivers, water in clouds
      - water near poles is cold
      - waternear equator is warm
      - 10-20kms in thickness
      - 27% of water is salt
    - - rock and non-living material
      - hard solid land , crust all the wya down to centre of planet
    - - all living things
        
        flora
        
        fauna
        
        bacteria and microbes/ microbacteria
  - - - increased efficiency
      - by-catch
- - - - carbohydtraes
        
        sugar/ glucose
    - - fats
    - - truns it into amino acids
      - protein
- - - - renewable
      - environmentally friendly
    - - coal
      - oil
      - gas
      - makes energy by...
        
        burning fuel
        
        using it to heat water
        
        makes steam to turn turbine and generator
        
        generator spins moving a conductor in a mgnetic field generating electric current
    - - bad for the environment
      - nowadays some are electric
        
        that electricity cns still be bad for the environment however
- - - - Biosphere
      - Biome
      - Ecosystem
      - Community
      - Population
      - Organism
      - Organ system
        
        immune system
        
        urinary system
        
        skeletal system
        
        respiratory systen
        
        reporductive system
        
        endochryme system
        
        hormones
        
        lymphatic system
        
        lymph nodes and immune repsonse
        
        nervous system
        
        muscular system
        
        integumentary system
        
        skin
        
        nails
      - Organ
        
        such as heart
      - Tissue
        
        epithelial tissue
        
        line inside and outside surfaces of the body
        
        such as the skin, or the lining of the digestive tract
        
        absorbs nutrients
        
        secretes hormones
        
        protects the body and organs
        
        connective tissue
        
        bone, cartliage
        
        form structures in the body
        
        muscle tissue
        
        made of cells that can contract
        
        attach to skeleton
        
        nervous tissue
        
        made of neurons or nerve cells that carry electrical signals
        
        make up the brain
        
        send signals to the brain
        
        connected cells with similar function
      - Cell
        
        blood cells
        
        surface skin cells
        
        bone cells
        
        columnar epithelial and goblet cells
        
        cardiac muscle cells
        
        skeletal muscle cells
        
        smooth muscle cells
        
        neurons
        
        animal cells
        
        nucleus
        
        hold dna and controls actibities
        
        cell surface mebrane
        
        cell boundary
        
        selectively permiable
        
        mitochindria
        
        powerhouse of the cell
        
        releases energy from glucose when oxygen is present
        
        cytoplasm
        
        gel like
        
        made of water
        
        dissolves substances
        
        cell support
        
        some chemical reactions
        
        eukaryote
        
        plant cell
        
        nucleus
        
        eukaryote
        
        mitochondira
        
        cytoplasm
        
        vacuole
        
        holds water
        
        holds cell shape
        
        chloroplast
        
        enables phtosynthesis becuase of chlorphyll
        
        green
        
        makes glucose wit water co2 and energy from the sun
        
        cell surface membrane
        
        cell boundary
        
        cell wall
        
        contains cellulose
        
        rigid shape for cell
        
        prevents bursting
        
        prokaryote
  - - - blood
        
        carries oxygen and nutrients (glucose) and hormones
        
        enters the heart through the inferior vena cava for legs and below, superior vena cava for torso and head
        
        oxygen poor goes into the right atrium
        
        gets oxygen and follows the cycle
        
        Atrias refill with new blood and the cycle repeats
        
        oxygen rich into left atrium
        
        delivers oxygen to body then while deoxygenated follows the respective cycle
        
        From the right goes to pulmonary artery to the lungs
        From the left goes into the aorta t the rest of the body
        
        blood is always red
        
        redness depends on oxygen content
        
        appears blue on hands and wrists especially because of being seen through skin and reflected light penetration
        
        When hot you turn red because blood vessels dilate/ get wider to get rid o fthe heat
        Muscle contractions of shivering create heat when youre cold
        
        maintains ph, temperature and osmotic pressure
        
        homeostasis
        
        'steady internal physics'
        
        maintained stability
        
        maintained blood ph level, glucose level range, internal temperature range
        
        cold blooded
        
        endotherm
        
        body temp depends on environment
        
        warm blooded
        
        endotherm
        
        regulates own body temperature when necessary
        
        Negative feedback- when some variable triggers a counteracting response
        
        stops you from bleeding ot too fast when cut
        
        plasma
        
        water, protein, salt, lipids
        
        55% of blood
        
        blood is 90% water the other percentage is different solutes
        
        plasma proteins, Beta and Alpha globulins and Albumin
        
        transport lipids and ion
        
        All blood cells have a plasma membrane with a glycoprotein with antigens
        
        liquid
        
        rbc
        
        red blood cells
        
        transport gases
        
        contains hemoglobin
        
        makes it appear red
        
        Erythrocytes, heavy layer at the bottom when blood is centrifuged , red blood cells, 45% of blood
        
        wbc
        
        white blood cells
        
        fix infections
        
        Leukocytes, white layer in the middle,white blood cells that defend form foreign microbes, also platelets
        
        neutrophil defends against bacteria and fungi
        
        eosinophil defends against larger parasites and is involved with alletgies
        
        platelets
        
        cell fragments
        
        help blood clot
        
        after a few days the blood clot will dissolve
        
        seal wounds like cuts when they are made by collecting by the opening to close the gap
        
        collagen fibres make the platelets become sticky in the affected area
        
        Fibrin threads make a mesh that traps all of the cells near the wound and then it pulls the wound closed
        
        types
        
        8 types
        
        B, B-
        
        O, O-
        
        AB, AB-
        
        A, A-
        
        A has only A, B has only B, AB has A and B, O has neither
        
        AB has no antibodies, O has antibodies for both A and B
        
        O, universal donor because it doesn't get attacked
        
        rh
        
        rh antigens
        
        Rh positive don't have rh antibodies, can have negative or positive blood
        
        Rh negative should only have negative
        
        cant be artifically made/ synthesised
        
        cant be stored for long
        
        Gamma globulin antibodies
        Used in immune responses
        
        Fibrinogen proteins
        Stop bleeding when cut
        
        Electrolytes Positively charged cation, negatively charged anions
        
        lymph nodes
        
        defend against infection and disease
        
        moves lymph between tissues and the bloodstream
        
        capillaries carry blood
      - heart
        
        pumps blood
        
        lub dub
        
        sound of heartbeat
        
        valves closing and opening in heart
        
        gets blood to the heart from coronary arteries
        
        lets heart get energy (nutrients and oxygen) and do its job
        
        encircle heart
        
        two disticnt loops the blood travels through
        
        one for deoxygenated from heart to lungs
        
        one for oxygenated out to the body
        
        gives oxygen to tissues so they can move
        
        four chambers
        
        right atrium
        
        atria contract to move/ pump blood
        
        left ventricle
        
        left atrium
        
        (atria) atrium is singuar
        
        right ventricle
        
        thick muscular walls
        
        the left of another persons heart will be the rght when on a diagram or seen from the front
        
        valves between chambers and vessels to prevent backflow
        
        natural pacemaker cells
        
        if born without an artificial one is necessary
        
        use electricity to artificially contract heart
        
        make electric impulses to contract heart muscles
        
        heart conditions
        
        some can put holes in the septum of the heart causing oxygenated and deoxygenated to mix
        
        double pump
      - veins
        
        usually deoxygenated
        
        blood vessels
        
        capillaries
        
        has capillaries in it
        
        from organs to heart
        
        vessels from heart go to veins
      - arteries
        
        usually oxygenated
        
        away from heart to tissues and muscles etc
        
        intima: inner lining made of endothelium
        
        the aorta is an arterie
        
        larger and tougher than veins
        
        thick and msucular to withstand pressure
      - systemic circulation
        
        delivers blood to bofy and removes waste
      - pulmonary circulation
        
        oxygentates the blood
    - - there are two lungs and they aren't identical
        
        left lung has upper and lower lobes
        
        instead of the idle it has a cardiac notch for the heart
        
        right lung has an upper lower and idle (middle)
        
        trachea (windpipe) tube air enters through
        
        bronchial tree inside the lungs brings air into lungs from trachea
        
        bronchi divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles and become microscopic
        
        end in alveoli
        
        clusters of microscopic air sacs that absorb oxygen into the blood
        
        carbon dioxide is a waste product that is exhaled from the alveoli
        
        spongy and air filled
      - air enters nose or mouth
        
        from both goes to trachea
        
        to lungs
        
        truns into 2 bronchis
        
        has rings of cartliage
        
        pharynx is the throat
        
        connected to trachea
      - rib cage creates a room called your thorax
      - adams apple
        
        voice box
        
        more prominent in men
        
        larynx
        
        connected to trachea
      - gas exchange
        
        the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream
        
        the elimination of c02 from the bloodstream to the lungs
      - cilia
        
        tiny hairs that line airways and filter
      - ventilation
        
        air moves in and out of lungs
        
        breathing
      - diffusion
        
        movmeennt of gases without body effort
        
        air sacs going into the blood capillaries
      - perfusion
        
        pumps blood throughut the lungs
    - - mouth
        
        saliva
        
        chewing
      - eosophagus
      - liver
      - gall bladder
      - pancreas
      - stomach
      - rectum
      - anus
        
        sphyncter
        
        holds feaces to be egested
  - - - no nucelus
      - no membrane bound organelles
      - archaea, bacteria
    - - has a nucleus
      - membrane bound organelles
      - plants, animal, fungi, protsists
    - - cytoplasms
      - dna and genetic material
      - ribosomes, small organelles
      - cells membrane
    - - stabilises cell (homeostasis)
      - selectively permeable
      - cytoskeleton
        
        provides support and in some cases movement
      - cytoplasm
        
        jelly like
        
        surrounds all parts of the cell
    - - make proteins
      - not membrane bound
      - can be free or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
    - - carry genetic information such as DNA
      - carry out functions and processes
    - - amoebas
    - - many cells
      - eg. humans
    - - can divide
    - - cells
        
        tissues
        
        organs
        
        organ sytems
        
        tissues are a group of similar cells
        
        not all cells form tissues
      - many cells make a complex multicellular organism
    - - nerve cells
      - muscle cells
      - specialised cells
        
        spefic function
- - - - dependent
        
        changes as a result of what was changed, the result
      - control
        
        kept the same for experiment sake
      - fair testing
        
        nothing changed except variable
      - independent
        
        'i' change, changed for the experiment, made different on purpose
    - - i think... becuase...
      - educated guess
    - - if (this test occurs how i think it will)... then (this will occur)..
      - more detailed specific hypothesis
    - - step by step instructions on how to carry out each part of the experiment
    - - describe what was observed in the experiment and what happened, display this also in a table or graph with the results in it
    - - analyse the results and answer any questions, describe how you could improve the experiment
    - - answer the aim
      - accept or reject the hypothesis
    - - describes the experiment in a small amount of words
    - - describe what you are trying to test/ find out
    - - paragraph about relevant topic set the scene of the experiment and demonstrate knowledge
    - - all equipment necessary for equipment usually put in a list
    - - anything that could potentially go wrong or be avoided in the experiment
    - - a drawing that explains the experiment or lays out how it is set up