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the development of education policy since the 1900’s - Coggle Diagram
the development of education policy since the 1900’s
1918 Education Act
- the age of compulsory education was raised to 14. - 1918 Education Act - the age of compulsory education was raised to 14
~ Coalition Liberal
1944 Butler Act
- raised the age of compulsory education to 15 and provided free education. This act introduced the tripartite system, three schools to suit different types of students; grammar, secondary technical and secondary modern.
~Conservative
1965 Expansion of comprehensive schools-
aimed to to democratise education, do away with early selection procedures, and provide equal opportunity for all children. It was meant to produce equality as it meant there was only one school system
~ Labour
Conservatives 1979 –1997
1988 Education Act
- established the principle of Marketisation and Parentocracy
League tables, making exam results visible - idea to make schools compete to get the best results and drive up standards.
Introduction of Ofsted
Encouraging schools to 'opt out' of local educational authority control - schools could manage their own finances, spending resources where they felt necessary
National Curriculum
Parents no longer had to send their children to their local school but could send them to a school of their choice. Sending a child to a school further away involves paying increased transport costs - middle-class
New Labour 1997 – 2010
1999-Sure Start
- Sure Start is a programme targeted at parents and children under the age of four living in the most disadvantaged areas. Sure Start projects deliver a wide variety of services which are designed to support children's learning skills, health and well-being, and social and emotional development.
Increasing funding for state education
Designated certain deprived areas as education action zones and provided them with additional resources
The Aim Higher programme to raise aspirations of group who are under-represented in higher education e.g ethnic minorities, diabled and the working class
1999- Education Maintenance Allowances (EMAs)
- gave payments to students from low-income backgrounds to encourage them to stay on after 16 to gain better qualifications
introduce the National Literacy Strategy ,literacy and numeracy hours, and reducing Primary School class sizes- they claimed these policies are greater benefit to disadvantaged groups and helped reduce inequality
1998 Education Action Zones
- City academies created to help give inner-city schools with mainly working class pupils a fresh start
2000- introduced academies-
introduced as a means of turning around the worst-performing secondary schools.
1999- Excellence in Cities (EiC)
- aimed to Raise the aspirations and achievement of students to tackle disaffection, social exclusion, truancy and indiscipline, Improve parents‟ confidence in schools in inner-city areas characterised by social deprivation, introduced EMAs and issued A proposal to raise the school leaving age to 18 by 2015 so that no 16-17 year olds could become a ‘Neet’ (not in education, employment or training).
Encouraged secondary schools to apply for specialist status in particular curriculum areas. By 2007, about 85% of all secondary schools had become specialist schools.
Coalation- 2010-2015/
Introduced free school meals to those in Reception, Yr 1 and Yr 2.
2010- Scrapped the EMA scheme,
and replaced it with a £180 million bursary scheme, targeted at those in the very lowest income households, and given directly to schools and colleges.
Introduced Free Schools- A Free School in England is a type of Academy, a non-profit-making, state-funded school which is free to attend. Free schools are not controlled by a Local Authority (LA) but instead governed by a non-profit charitable trust.
2011- introduced The Pupil Premium-
involved giving schools extra funding based on the number of FSM pupils they took in – worth approximately £600 per FSM pupil.
2010 Academies Act- all schools are encouraged to leave local authority control and become academies. Funding done by the Government and Academies have control over their curriculum. By 2017- 68% of all secondary schools = Academies
Vocational Education introduced University Technical Schools to give technical education to 14-19 year olds. Sponsored by a local university and local employers. So far, there are 5 of these and Studio Schools – providing practical education, including work experience. There are 16 of these so
introduction of summer schools for disadvantaged children to help them in the transition to secondary school
Reformed the exam system
- scrapped modules at GCSE, wanted exam boards to work with universities to develop new A Levels,scrapped January exams, want all AS and A Level exams to be taken at the end of 2 years (no modules) and restricted the number of resits allowed
Conservatives 2015 – present.