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JACOBEAN AND RESTORATION POETRY, CONCEIT, HYPERBOLE, STYLE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - born in London in 1572 into a Catholic family;
        
        educated at Oxford and Cambridge but couldn't take his degree because of his religion so he decided to study law
        
        1590s travelled on the Continent and took part to 2 naval expeditions
        
        political and diplomatic career interrupted after his secret marriage to Anne More, niece of Thomas Egerton, one of the highest officials in Elizabeth's government for whom Donne wrked as a secretary. Marriage resulted in his arrest and banishment from London
        
        financial problems, but after renounciation to Catholic faith he earned the favour of James I as a religious thinker and preacher
        
        the king encouraged him to take holy orders and in 1621 he became Dean of St Paul's until his death
        
        he died in 1631
    - - Songs and Sonnets 1601
        
        actually love lyrics most of which written before his marriage. The poet expresses a variety of attitudes towards love: from the heights of ecstasy to the depths of despair. Love is presented as an experience of body and soul: Donne praises sensual pleasure but also describes sex in terms of religious experience. ideal love trascends all worldy values and that of two well-matched and well-balanced lovers, whose souls reunite to form one. He des not follow Petrarchan tradition where the lover was always unsuccessful and never united to his beloved. He offers a different picture of women and emphasises their inconstancy or even awareness of sexual pleasure
        
        Valediction: Forbidding Mourning poem that he wrote for his wife while he was in France on government business, he remi di her that she does not have to mourn him while he ìs away. THEY WILL NEVER REALLY BE APART BECAUSE THEIR LOVE HAS BOTH A PHYSICAL AND A SPIRITUAL DIMENSION AND THEIR SOULS WILL ALWAYS BE AS ONE
      - Holy Sonnets 1607
        
        wrote them when he abandoned the Catholic faith to convert to Anglicanism. Sonnets reflect his meditation on his religious convictions in a very emotional language and address the themes of divine judgement, humble penance and divine love, which often involves fear and despair rather than hope and trust. Donnes tries to come to terms with his own history of sinfulness and shows his preoccupatio with the fate of hisul which is often related to that of his body.
        Sonnets are Petrarchan, 2 quatrains and a sestet, but Donne modified the form by i clouding a Shakespearean couplet or other variations in structure or rhyme
      - Anniversaries 1611-1612
        
        2 long poems written to commemorate the death of Elizabeth Drury, the 14-year-old daughter of his patron.
        
        In the 1st, An Anatomy of the World Donne laments the spiritual and moral death of the world caused by men's loss of wisdom connecting them to God
        
        in the 2nd, Of the Progress of the Soul he offers a more positive view as he eventually resumes the lost wisdom that directs him toward eternal life.
    - - it was not intended for publication but for a group of friends or just his wife and this explains its difficulty of interpretation
        
        it has intense dramatic quality, many poems are similar to dramatic monologues and argumentative quality Donne often tries to convince his addressee of one or another point of view
        
        rich in imagery, use of conceits, paradoxes, puns similes while the versification is irregular because he wanted to follow the rhythm of spoken language
        
        covers a wide variety of tones and registers: meditative, elegiac, assertive, cynical and ironical
        
        major theme is love both for women and for God
    - - ComprehensionThe poet asks God to strike violently his heart. Up until this point God has only given him knock, breathe, shine and seek to mend, but according to him God must break and burn him in order to make him a new person, in order to make the poet rise and stand God must overthrow him. In line 5 the poet compares himself to an usurped town, he says he owes obedience to another= he considers himself a sinner, tempted by Satan. In line 7 God's viceroy is his reason that cannot defend him because it is prisoner or proves to be weak or untrue.in line 9 he says that he truly and sincerely loves God and would like to be loved back by Him. In line 10 he says that he is "betrothed to God's enemy". He is referring g to Satan and Donne asks God to divorce him from Satan. In the last 2 lines the poet suggests that he is unworthy of God's love. According to him God can make him free by making him his slave and God can make him chaste only by possessing him sexually, by raping him
      - Analysis Although this is a religious poem, the language that the poet uses is violent, as we can see from the verbs used: batter, overthrow, breake, blowe, burn, imprison, enthrall, ravish. In line 1 he speaks of the three-person'd God which has the obvious meaning of the Trinity. The idea of the Trinity is developed throughout the poem as God is described as 3 different persons:
        A king, a conqueror and a lover. There are also 3 different images of the poet: he compares himself to a door/gate, to a town and to a woman. The poem is based on a series of violent oppositions that affect the tone of the poem. They make it more passionate, striking and dramatic. The rhythm of the poem is broken (enjambement and caesura) and it reflects the disorder and emotional disturbance of the poet's mind: anxiety and guilt.
    - - Comprehension The poem opens with a question:"what did we do until we met?" The possible answers that the poet suggests are: we were sleeping, we were still immature, not ready for love. He says hat he has had many relationships but they were only a dream of his present lover. In the second stanza the 2 lovers are still in bed and they are waking up, it's dawn. The two are not interested in new discoveries and worlds because they already have each other and their love. The poet sees his face reflected in his lover's eyes, indicating intimacy and closeness. He also compares himself and his lover to 2 hemispheres, 2 halves of the same world. He believes that their love will never die because it is perfect, strong in front of the obstacles and circumstances. They are complementary and well-balanced
      - Analysis The poet refers to the lovers' past, present and future. He suggests that they were childish and immature before they fell in love. We can find examples of rapid questions, exclamations, 'non-poetic' vocabulary. The language of the opening stanza is similar to that of eveyday speech, it is striking and original. Now that he has found true love, he feels that the past is no longer relevant. In the second stanza he says that he and his lover have created one world through their love. Repetition of the words "one" and " world" . Love conquers space complex conceit, parallel drawn between geographers and lovers. In the second stanza the room, in the third stanza the eyes are the space. In the new world the lovers create there is no North or west, the poet doesn't hope to have coldness, old age or illness in his world. The last lines suggest that love also conquers time.
  - - - born in Montgomery, Wales but educated at Trinity College, Cambridge where he became a public orator
        
        Parliament for 2 years
        
        took holy orders in the Church of England in 1630
        
        rector to a rural parish near Salisbury where he preached and wrote poetry
        
        he died in 1633
    - - published posthumously by his friend Nicholas Ferrar as The Temple 1633 . The collection celebrates the ways of God's love, tracing man's spiritual conflicts and growth. Poetry characterised by:
        
        precision of language
        
        metrical versatility like Donne
        
        use of conceits, typical of the metaphysical school of poets
        Also remebered for A Priest to the Temple, manual of practical advice to country parsons published in 1652
  - - - born in London, received education at Cambridge and eventually took holy orders
        
        during English Civil War became inclined towards Roman Catholicism so he resigned his post and went to France in 1644
        
        he became a Roman Catholic but lived in poverty
        
        2 years later with the help of his friend Abraham Cowley he was sent to Rome by Charles I's queen and became attendant to a cardinal
        
        he died in Loreto in 1649, where he had been sent to held the position of Canon of the Cathedral of Santa Casa
    - - He wrote secular poems but he is remebered for his religious poetry, which shows the influence of the Italian and Spanish mystics and that of the poet Giambattista Marino for its use of flamboyant imagery and stock religious symbols. Crashaw's poetry characterised by religious emotions+ the use of elaborate conceits to compare the physical beautiesof nature and the spiritual significance of existence. Most important work: collection of poems Steps to the Temple published in 1646
  - - - born in Wales
        
        in 1638 he entered Oxford University but 2 years later moved to London to study law
        
        during the English Civil War interrupted his studies to fight on the King's side
        
        when the war was over he returned to his birthplace and began to practice medicine becoming a respected physician
        
        he died in 1695
        
        Poetry: Silex Scintillans 1650, a collection of religious poems. In 1655 he acknowledged his indebtedness to George Herbert from whomhe borrowed phrases. But unlike him he was not interested in religious institutions, he preferred celebrating his mystical communion with nature and religious convictions. He also translated short moral and religious works and wrote secular poetry, the collection Olor Iscanus 1651
  - - - born in London and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge where he became fellow in 1640
        
        ejected by the Parliament for his royalist sympathies and spent 10 years in Paris as a secretary to James I's wife, Queen Henrietta Maria
        
        on his return to England he qualified as a doctor and after the Restoration his fellowship was reinstated
        
        but he retired to Chertsey, writing essays on contemplative life and engaging in horticulture
    - - The Mistress 1647 a collection of love verses written in the manner of John Donne, although he took to the extreme the metaphysical conceits
        
        Pindarique Odes 1656 he tried to adapt Latin poet Pindar's metrical practice to English verse through lines of uneven length and extravagant poetic conceits
- - - - Epigrams 1616 popular genre among late-Elizabethan and Jacobean audiences. He explores several poetical approaches: from censure, to praise, from elegy to commentary. In a large number he offers satirical pictures of contemporary life recalling some persons of his comedies. Other poems are l'auditorium of his former teacher Camden, of John Donne, of his noble patrons and even of the king
      - The Forest 1616 fifteen poems in which he offers images of virtue or exhortation to it. Many of them addressed to his aristocratic supporters, although the most famous is his country-house poem "To Penhsurst" and his love lyrics "To Celia" which is also included in his play Volpone
      - Underwoods 1640 group of poems including devotional pieces; encomiastic poems, the most famous is that to Shakespeare and his longest love poem :" A Celebration of Charis"
- - - - TO HIS COY MISTRESS most famous poem: the poet addresses a woman who has been reluctant to respond to his sexual advances to remind her that he could spend centuries waiting for her compliance to his wishes but life is short. As a consequence, he urges her to comply with his requests to make the most of the short time they have to live and enjoy each other because no embrace will be possible in the grave.
        
        Theme = the carpe diem typical of the Cavalier poets. The humour and wit of the 1st part mixes with the sadness of the 2nd part, arising from the consciousness of one's mortality, although in the last part the poet's desire for physical love, symbol of life, prevails over time, which symbolises death. The poems also includes elements typical of the Metaphysical poets such as complex metaphors and similes or paradoxes
        
        Comprehension in the world the poet describes there are no limits to time and space and therefore he and his lover do not need to hurry their love. In lines 11-14 the poet explains why he feels the need to act immediately, life is short and he has to make the most of it. In the final section the poet suggests that he and his mistress should seize the day and become lovers. In doing this they will conquer the eternal life, living each moment intensely.
        
        Analysis IMAGERY of lines 11-12. The poet says that 'Times winged Charriot' is directly behind him. This suggests that he perceives times as flying so fast that it urges him to conquer his love as soon as possible, in contrast with what he says in the very first line "had we but World enough and Time". The tone of the opening verse is playful, persuasive, facetious, while the tone of lines 11-14 is solemn, pessimistic, sombre. In lines 13-14 the poet looks to the future and to life after death, the image he uses is that of "deserts of vast eternity", it is a pessimistic image that suggests that the afterlife is dry, arid and empty like a desert, without any living creature in it.
        In lines 15-18 the poet focuses on the woman's youth. He compares her complexion to morning dew. It associates the first part of the day with the first part of life, youth. In lines 17-18 he describes her soul as willing and associates it with fire, this suggests that the lady's feelings for the poet are passionate despite her coyness. The verbs in lines19-28 are predominantly dynamic, this suggests that both lovers will take action instead of remaining motionless victims of time. In the final verse the poet suggests that although they cannot stop time, they can master it by living each moment of their lives intensely. The concept of the victim becoming master is conveyed through a series of contrasts. The tone of the final part of the poem is triumphant, optimistic, playful. The rhyme scheme is regular. Marvel uses the tetrameter( 8 syllables) there are examples of in-line pauses marked by commas and run-on-lines (enjambement), they make the poet's language more similar to natural speech.
- - - - 1st period
        Poetical works written during Charles I's reign
        
        Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity 1629 about Christ's coming and the false Pagan God's defeat
        
        L'Allegro and Il Pensoso 1632 2 lyrical companion poems which reflect the spirit of the Renaissance. They contrast the light-hearted and delightful aspects and the melancholic and meditative ones
        
        Comus 1634 masque with a didactic purpose in which he celebrated chastity against the temptation of the flesh
        
        Lycidas 1637 a pastoral elegy in the memory of his friend Edward King, drowned in the Irish Sea. Milton presents his friend and himself as 2 shepherds. He condemns most of the ministers and bishops of the Church of England as selfish and depraved
      - 2nd period
        Prose works and his collection of 23 Petrarchan sonnets
        (octave+sestet) some of which written in Italian
        
        Sonnets divided in 2 groups:
        
        love sonnets
        
        miscellaneous subjects such as his praising or counselling a friend; his threatening or mocking an enemy; a point or a problem in the poet's career or life
        
        On his blindness one of the most anthologised poems. Autobiographical. Milton meditates on becoming blind and worries that his only "talent", his writing, may suffer and that he won't be able to serve God as well as he desires. However he is answered by "Patience" who tells him that God does not really need man's work, as He values man's ability to tolerate whatever He asks faithfully and without complaint.
      - 3rd period
        Major poetical works
        
        Paradise Regained 1671 epic in 4 books about the story of Christ's 40ays' temptation in the desert. Superior to both physical and spiritual temptations, He overcomes Satan and eventually redeems humankind from its fallen state after the original sin
        
        Samson Agonistes 1671 only play about the Biblical story of Samson, chosen by God to free the Israelites from the Philistines. The play focuses on the last day of Samson's life and tells how Samson, who has lost his strength because his hair has been cut and he has been blinded, eventually recovers his force and kills the Philistines by pulling down the pillars of the Temple of Dagon, although at the price of his life. It is modelled on the Greek classical tragedies:Milton respects the Aristotelian unities, uses a chorus and a messenger reporting terrible events, complies with the process of catharsis, the purpose of the play: the purge of the mind of passions through pity, fear and terror
        
        PARADISE LOST 1667
        MILTON'S MASTERPIECE
        
        Plot
        
        Jealous of God's Son's seat of honour to the right hand of His father, archangel Lucifef gathers other angels to start a revoltmagainst God. After a war in Heaven, Lucifer, now known as Satan and other rebellious angels are hurled down to Hell where he vows eternal vengeance. He decides to corrupt God's beloved new creation, mankind. God, knowing Satan's intentions, summons a council, where the Son volunteers to sacrifice himself for humankind. Meanwhile, Satan manages to enter the Paradise and tries to tempt Eve to eat the fruit of the forbidden tree. Worried about Hiscreation, God sends archangel Raphael to inform Eve and Adam about Satan's story, the dangers they face with him and the story of creation. However, Satan eventually succeeds in his intention and disguised as a serpent convinces Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge and later Adam does the same. God decides to punish them all. Satan's followers are transformed into serpents, and Satan himself becomes the greatest serpent of all. Adam and Eve are also punished although they repent. In fact, they are forced to leave the Garden of Eden but they are comforted by archangel Michael who shows them the future of human race: the Messiah's coming and man's subsequent redemption
        
        Features and interpretation
        
        It is a religious epic poem and Milton follows some conventions of the epic genre: the statement of the theme, the presence of fallen angels who resemble the warriors of the classical epics, the cosmic setting and an elevated style. Main theme is Adam and Eve's disobedience within the context of Satan's rebellion.
        Milton presents 2 moral paths that can be taken after disobedience:
        1) increasing sin and degradation, represented by Satan who continues to disobey God
        2) the road to redemption, represented by Adam and Eve who repent, seek forgiveness and understand that their disobedience will be corrected through hard work on Earth
        Disobedience is represented as insubordination to the universe's hierarchy based on proximity to God. Milton uses the traditional Ptolemaic model of the universe rather than Copernicus cosmology. Although Adam and Eve should be the 2 most important characters, they appear rather dull and unconvincing. By contrast, the real unvoluntary protagonist of Paradise Lost is Satan who has features of the epic hero such as bravery, initiative and a dignity of his own although he later loses his heroic dimension. Parallel with Marlowe's Faustus as they both challenge the religious and natural order.
        The poem can be read in political terms Satan has been interpreted as a possible figuration of Milton and Cromwell in their revolutionary struggle against the king or, alternatively, of the king himself because he loses his place in Heaven thensame way Charles I had lost the throne
        
        BETTER TO REIGN IN HELL
        
        Comprehension Satan is addressing his followers soon after their arrival in Hell, but instead of crying over what has been lost he gives an inspiring and defiant speech. Satan is in Hell, happy to be far from God because he isn't obliged to obey him anymore. According to Satan, God defeated him because of power, because his armies were stronger, but not for reason. Satan does not accept God's superiority, he thinks himself that he is as good and clever as God . The new place cannot change the way Satan thinks, he is still the same. This means pride, ambition, strong-willed, self-confidence. Satan feels that Hell is preferable to Heaven because in Hell God can't rejoin him, punish him or send him away, he shall be free.
        
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