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lecture 5: Nutrition - Coggle Diagram

- - - - enzymes - speed and regulate biochemical reactions
      - tissue proteins - muscle, collagen and keratin, eye lenses, oncotic
      - receptor, channel and transport proteins
      - oxygen transporting/storing proteins
      - eggs and other reproductive materials
      - antibodies, hormones and venoms
    - - proteins made up of amino acids
      - 20-22 standard amino acids needed for protein synthesis
      - 10 amino acids are essential
        
        complete (dietary) proteins
        
        incomplete (dietary) proteins
      - amino acids contain a H2N 'amino' group
      - N2 is a limiting factor in food chains
      - Nutritional vulnerability
        
        Inadequate amino acid synthesis (~10 amino acids produced at sub-requirement rate)
        
        inadequate supply can lead to health problems
        
        strong selection pressure for foraging habits
        
        lysine deficiency
        
        anaemia, lack of energy, hair loss, growth retardation, weight loss, reproductive system complications
      - Fate
        
        peptide synthesis (ribosomes = protein factories)
        
        converted and stored or burnt for energy (stripped of it's amino group by an enzyme catalysed deamination reaction)
        
        when do animals burn protein for energy? --> doesn't like to, last resort, so many other uses and low energy output
  - - - primary component of membranes
      - high density energy storage
      - integument (skin) waterproofing
      - steroid hormones
      - triacylglycerols - dolphin echolocation
      - some essential lipids - omega 3 & 6
  - - - structural: cellulose & chitin (difficult to access)
      - energy storage: starch & glycogen (liver 6-8%, muscle 1-2%)
      - transport: plasma & milk (highly soluble, energy for brain and muscles)
  - - - incorporated into key molecular subsystems
      - organic molecules
      - eg. co-enzymes
    - - often needed for synthesis of complex molecules
      - eg. Fe2+ in Hb and Ca2+ in bones
- - - - stores food for bacterial breakdown of cellulose
      - absent or vestigial in insectivores, omnivores and carnivores
    - - short intestine, no caecum
    - - short intestine and colon, small caecum
  - - - produces enzymes for cellulose
      - synthesises B vitamins
      - recycles waste N into new protein
    - - physiochemical (acid) digestion
      - biochemical digestion (enzymes) eg. amylases
- - - - beaks of different birds ie. woodpecker, sandpiper etc
    - - in suspension feeding species of fish, specialised arrays of long, closely spaced gill rakers are employed hydrodynamically to concentrate particulates for swallowing
      - rakers and setae strain and concentrate food particles
      - usually 41-55 long gill rakers
      - also suspension feeding invertebrates (krill)
    - - venom/toxic compounds - liquid teeth
      - Chironex fleckeri (Jellyfish) - nematocyst extracts (lethal)
      - Sea stars - some sea stars begin digestion externally
      - all this to kill small fish!
- - - - amounts of nutrients
      - balance of nutrients
      - balanced diet