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Operant Conditioning [Learning] - Coggle Diagram
Operant Conditioning [Learning]
Definition
form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
by Skinner
Demonstration
fundamental principle
organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences
reinforcement
occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
response is strengthened
leads to rewarding consequences
Terminology & Procedure
Skinner box
small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled
emit
send forth
reinforcement contingencies
the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to presentation of reinforcers
experimenter manipulates
whether +ve consequences occur
animal makes designated responses
Basic Processes
Acquisition & Shaping
acquisition
formation of a new response tendency
shaping
reinforcement of closer & closer approximations of desired response
necessary
an organism does not emit desires response on its own
key to training animals
perform impressive tricks
Extinction
gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency
response no longer followed by reinforcement
brief surge occurs
gradual decline in response rate
resistance to extinction
occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
greater
longer responding will continue
Stimulus Control
stimuli that precede a response
influence operant behavior
organism learns the signal
respond accordingly
discriminative stimuli
cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response
key role
regulation of operant behavior
rxns to DS
governed by process of stimulus generalization & stimulus discrimination
Reinforcement
occurs whenever an outcome strengthens response
↑ rate of responding
focus on observable events
smth that is reinforcing an organism one time, may not function as reinforcer later
primary reinforcers
events that are inherently reinforcing
satisfy biological needs
eg. food for humans
secondary / conditioned reinforcers
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Schedules of Reinforcement
favorable outcome
much more likely strengthen response
outcome follows immediately
longer delay btween response & delivery of reinforcer → slower conditioning
specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time
continuous reinforcement
occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
intermittent reinforcement
occurs when a designated response is reinforced only sometimes
makes response more resistant to extinction
ratio schedules
make designated response to certain number of times
gain each reinforcer
fixed-ratio
reinforcer is given
fixed number of nonreinforced responses
variable-ratio
reinforcer given
variable number of nonreinforced responses
interval schedule
fixed-interval
reinforcer given
first response that occurs after fixed time interval elapsed
variable-interval
reinforcer given
first response after variable time interval has elapsed
interval length varies around the predetermined average
results
ratio schedules
produce more rapid responding than interval schedules
faster responding
quicker reinforment
variable schedules
generate steadier response rate
& greater resistance to extinction
than fixed
+ve & -ve Reinforcement
+ve reinforcement
occurs when response is strengthened
followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
-ve reinforcement
occurs when response is strengthened
followed by the removal of unpleasant stimulus
key role
escape learning
organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some unpleasant stimulation
removal of unpleasant stimulus
strengthened through -ve reinforcement
leads to avoidance learning
avoidance learning
organism acquires a response that prevents some unpleasant stimulation from occurring
eg of classical conditioning & operant conditioning working tgt
regulate behaviour
Punishment
occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
involves presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
removal of rewarding stimulus
punishment & -ve reinforcement
opposite procudures
yield opposite effects on behavior
physical punishment
produce unintended & undesirable side effects
elevated aggression
delinquency
behavioral problems in youngsters
long term
slowed cognitive development
increase criminal behavior
wide range of mental health problems