Breastfeeding>>>only modestly protective

= weight in kg/(height in meters)

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Genetic determinants - FTO gene at 16q12

melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency

type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia,
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

increases risk for CV morbidity and mortality

Exam: growth chart for weight, height, and BMI trajectories

fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, low- density lipoprotein&high-density lipoprotein,cholesterol, and liver function tests

Based on behavior change theories

Drinking lower quantities of sugar

Meals should be based on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meat, fish, and poultry.

Maintain moderate exercise as tolerated.

Normalize body mass index before pregnancy

Eat meals as a family in a fixed place and time.

Do not skip meals, especially breakfast.

exercise and safe play facilities

Explain the biologic and genetic contributions to obesity.

Mandate age-appropriate nutrition labeling for products aimed

Classify childhood obesity as a legitimate disease.

Access to health and water/ sanitation services

reflects socioeconomic disadvantage

• vitamin A, iodine, iron,& zinc.

<100 μg/L indicates insufficient intake

associated with an increased risk of hypertension, stroke,type 2 diabetes in adults

Increased costs of healthcare Productivity losses,
Productivity losses from reduced cognitive ability
Increased costs of chronic diseases
Consequences of maternal undernutrition

Promotion breastfeeding for 6 mo , and continued breastfeeding for at least 2 yr

6-59 mo, a mid-upper arm circumference <115 mm

excess body sodium,fluid retention,and edema

repair cellular function,
correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance
restore homeostasis

development of severe hypophosphatemia

Focusing on the illness and treat as for a
well-nourished child.

Giving a high-protein diet in the early
phase of treatment.