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Present, Passive Tenses, GO (Go to + noun, Go to the/a + noun, Go for, Go…
Present
Simple
О чём-то регулярно повторяющемся
He comes to bed at 10 p.m.
every night
.
О фактах
The earth goes round the sun.
О привычках
I
usually
go away at weekends.
О чём-то вообще
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
V1
(it/she/he + V1 + s)
Не используется для разговора о планах.
Но! Используется для расписаний, программ (того, что не зависит конкретно от тебя и окружающих людей)
The concert starts at 7.30.
The train arrives at 18.00.
Perfect
О чём-то прошлом, что имеет
результат/последствия в настоящем
He told me his name, but I’ve forgotten it. (= I can’t remember it now)
О жизненном опыте
I’ve been to China twice.
Нам не важно, когда именно в прошлом произошло событие.
Нет точного указания времени или места. Точное время - Past Simple!
Нам важен результат
Для предложений со словом
ever
(когда-нибудь)
Have you
ever
seen this film?
To say
how much
,
how many
or
how many times
(for completed actions)
How many
pages of that book have you read?
have/has + V1 + ed (regular)
have/has + V3 (irregular)
We say ‘
I haven’t
(done something)
since/for
…’
:forbidden:
NO Present Perfect Continuous!
I haven’t seen
Tom
since
Monday.
We use the present perfect to give
new information
. But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple
a: Ow! I’
ve burnt
myself.
b: How
did
you
do
that? (
not
have you done)
a: I
picked
up a hot dish. (
not
have picked)
a: Look! Somebody
has spilt
something on the sofa.
b: Well, it
wasn’t
me. I
didn’t do
it. (
not
hasn’t been … haven’t done)
just, already
(в утвердительных положительных,
already
- иногда в вопросах),
yet
(в вопросах и утвердительных отрицательных.
Обычно в конце предложения),
ever
,
never
,
these days
I have
just
eaten.
The film has
already
started.
James hasn't finished his work
yet
.
Have you seen her
yet
?
Continuous
О процессе, который начался и не закончился, происходит прямо сейчас
I can't talk I'm driving
now
.
О каком-то изменении, которое начало происходить
Обычно с этим употребляются слова:
starting, beginning increasing, rising, falling, growing, getting, becoming changing, improving
The population of the world
is increasing
very fast.
Планы на будущее, запланированное действие в будущем. То, что
точно будет исполнено и о чём решено заранее,
до момента разговора
We're visiting our parents
this weekend
.
I'm doing something toworrow / next week / ...
am/are/is + V1 + ing
Действие временное
I am living with my friend
this month
.
Описание повторяющихся действий с использованием слов
always
,
constantly
,
forever
. Как правило это относится к характерным свойствам и поведению людей, часто с негативной окраской
Why are you
always
interrupting people?
He is
constantly
complaining about his brother.
going to +
inf
= собираться что-то сделать
Иногда оборот используется в тех случаях, когда мы уверены, что что-то обязательно случится или произойдёт
Look at the sky! It’s going to rain.
Oh dear! It’s 9 o ’clock and I’m not ready. I'm going to be late.
Perfect Continuous
Когда действие началось в прошлом, длилось какое-то время и все еще продолжается в настоящий момент или только что завершилось
We have been working together for 3 years.
Мы делаем акцент на
результате
и
длительности
действия
To say
how long
(for
something that is still happening):
How long have you been reading that book?
have/has + been + V1 + ing
Если хочется построить
Perfect Continuous
с
non-continuous verbs
, то строим
Present Perfect
How long
have
you
known
Jane?
(
not
have you been knowing)
I’
ve had
these shoes for ages.
(
not
I’ve been having)
Нельзя использовать PPC c
I haven't (done smth) + since/for
, только PP!
:red_cross:
I haven't been playing
tennis
for
years.
:tada:
I haven't played
tennis
for
years.
:red_cross:
I haven't been watching
TV
since
last weekend.
:tada:
I haven't watched
TV
since
last weekend.
:red_cross:
I haven't been going
to the cinema
for
ages.
:tada:
I haven't been
to the cinema
for
ages.
You can use either the continuous or simple with
live
and
work
:
Julia
has been living
in this house for a long time.
or
Julia
has lived
…
How long
have
you
been working
here?
or
How long
have
you
worked
here?
But we use Present Perfect with
always
:
I’
ve always lived
in the country. (
not
always been living)
for, since
Passive Tenses
Passive voice (страдательный залог) используется, когда нам важно само действие, а не кто его выполняет. Объект испытывает на себе действие, но сам его не совершает.
Встречается:
1) Научные тексты либо информация, содержащая описание фактов (без привязки к исполнителю)
2) В предложении можно или нужно избегать информации об авторе действия
автор неизвестен
автор - это "все люди", либо автор очевиден
автор неважен
говорим о правилах и законах
3) Необходимо выделить объект
Если необходимо указать автора действия, делаем это в дополнении после предлога
by
(или with)
It is cut
with
a knife.
This room is decorated
by
Kate.
Глаголы движения обычно нельзя использовать в пассивном залоге (come, arrive, happen)
Present Continuous Passive
am / are / is
being
V3
I think we
are being
watch
ed
.
This bridge
isn't being built
this year.
Am
I
being
test
ed
now?
Past Simple Passive
was / were
V3
The tower
was built
in 1920.
The project
wasn't finished
last year.
When
were
the documents
printed
?
Past Continuous Passive
was / were
being
V3
The game
was being
play
ed
yestaerday at 7 p.m.
I
wasn't being
questioned last night.
When
were
these scenes
being shot
?
Present Perfect Passive
has / have
been
V3
The level
has been completed
.
This question
hasn't been discussed
yet.
Why
have
they
been invited
there?
Past Perfect Passive
had
been
V3
We
had been told
that before he was sacked.
The comment
hadn't been reviewed
before it was published.
Where
had
this issue
been discussed
before it was approved?
Future Simple Passive
will
be
V3
A new episode
will be shot
in September.
The borders
won't be opened
this spring.
How many cars
will be released
this year?
Инструкция, правильно, руководство к действию с модальным глаголом и пассивом.
modal verb +
be (не изменяется)
+ V3
These mountains
can be seen
from the distance.
The repairs
must be finished
by the next week.
This line
mustn't be crossed
.
Mobile phones
can't be used
during the flight.
Present Simple Passive
am / are / is
V3
These cars
are made
in Japan.
I
am invited
to the party.
Для Perfect
и
Future вспомогательный глагол
to be
в нужном
времени
Для Continuous
being
V3
GO
Go to + noun
Go to
показывает, что мы идем куда-то, то есть в какое-то место. Также go to используется с названиями городов, стран и частей света. В этом случае предлог to показывает, куда мы едем
go to work
go to bed
go to school
go to sleep – заснуть :!:
go to America
:warning: go home :warning:
Go to the/a + noun
Мы используем артикль с go to, когда хотим показать, что собираемся посетить какое-то мероприятие
go to a/the concert
go to a/the party
go to a/the festival
go to a/the conference
go to a/the meeting
Go for
Go for
– отправиться куда-то. Если мы говорим не о путешествиях, тогда следует использовать предлог for
a walk
a run
a swim
a drink
a meal
a drive
picnic
Go + -ing
shopping
swimming
fishing
sailing
skiing
jogging
Go без предлога используется с наречиями
go downtown – отправиться в центр города;
go uptown – отправиться в спальный район города;
go here – идти сюда;
go there – идти туда;
go abroad – ехать за границу;
go anywhere – пойти куда-нибудь;
go everywhere – ходить везде.
Go on
Go on
– отправиться куда-то. С предлогом on глагол go используется, когда мы говорим об отпусках и путешествиях
go on a vacation – отправиться в отпуск;
go on holidays – отправиться на каникулы;
go on a cruise – отправиться в круиз;
go on a tour – отправиться на экскурсию;
go on a journey – отправиться в путешествие.
Go by
Go by
– ехать на чем-то. С предлогом by глагол go употребляется, если мы едем на каком-то транспортном средстве
go by car/train/plane/bus
GET
:check:
get + noun = recive / buy / find = получить, добыть, достать, купить
you
don’t have
something -->
you
get
it --> you
have
it
:check:
get a bus / a train / taxi
‘Did you
get
my postcard?’ ‘Yes, I
got
it yesterday.’ (= receive)
I like your sweater. Where did you
get
it? (= buy)
Is it difficult to
get
a job at the moment? (= find)
(on the phone) ‘Hello, can I speak to Lisa, please?’ ‘Sure. I’ll
get
her.’
‘Did you walk here?’ ‘No, I
got
the bus.’
:ballot_box_with_check::
get + adjective = become = стать, войти в какое-то физическое или эмоциональное состояние
get hungry - проголодаться
get married
get divorced
get cold - замерзать
get angry - злиться
get tired - уставать
get dressed - одеться
get better - восстановить здоровье, поправиться
get lost - потеряться
get hired - наниматься на работу
I
got hired
. — Меня наняли на работу.
I am
getting hired
. — Меня нанимают на работу
Drink your coffee. It’s
getting cold
..
I’m sorry your mother is ill. I hope she
gets better
soon.
I got up and
got dressed
quickly.
We didn’t have a map, so we
got lost
.
:check:
get to
a place = arrive = приехать, добраться
:check:
get here/there
(without
to
)
:check:
get home
(without
to
)
I usually
get to work
before 8.30. (= arrive at work)
How did you
get here
? By bus?
What time did you
get home
last night?
:check:
get in / out
a car
:check:
get on / off
a bus/ a train / a plane
A & AN & THE
:check:THE :check:
We say
the
... when it is clear which thing or person we mean.
:check:
the door / the ceiling / the floor / the carpet / the light
etc. (of a room)
:check:
the roof / the garden / the kitchen / the bathroom
etc. (of a house)
:check:
the centre / the station / the airport / the town hall
etc. (of a toum)
:check:
the name
of person
the same
...
We live in
the same street
.
the sun / the moon / the world / the sky / the sea / the country
the police / the fire brigade / the army
the top / the end / the middle / the left
the piano / the guitar / the trumpet
etc
the radio, the Internet
(go to)
the cinema / the theatre / the bank / the post office / the station / the airport / the city centre
(go to)
the doctor
,
the dentist
:no_entry: THE :no_entry:
television / TV
breakfast / lunch / dinner
next / last + week /month / year / summer / Monday
etc
(go)
to work
, (be)
at work
, start
work
, finish
work
(go)
to school
, (be)
at school
, start
school
, leave
school
(go)
to university / college
, (be)
at university / college
(go)
to hospital
, (be)
in hospital
(go)
to prison
, (be)
in prison
(go)
to church
, (be)
in /at church
(go)
to bed
, (be)
in bed
(go)
home
, (be)
at home
С абстрактными понятиями
С чем-то неопределённым и неисчисляемым
Виды спорта
Названия языков
Названия школьных предметов
I like
music
, especially
classical music
. (Абстрактные понятия)
Life
is not possible without
water
. (Жизнь - абстрактное понятие, вода тоже не конкретная какая-то)
I hate
exams
. (Любые, не какие-то конкретные экзамены)
My favourite sports are
football
and
skiing
Do you think
English
is difficult?
Tom’s brother is studying
physics
and
chemistry
.
Flowers
are beautiful. (=
flowers in general
)
I love this garden.
The flowers
are beautiful. (=
the flowers in this garden
)
I don’t like cold
weather
. (=
cold weather in general
)
The weather
isn’t very good today. (=
the weather today
)
We don’t eat
fish
very often. (=
fish in general
)
We had a great meal last night.
The fish
was excellent. (=
the fish we ate last night
)
Are you interested in
history
? (=
history in general
)
Do you know much about
the history
of your country
?
A / AN
a
= one thing or person
Rachel works in
a
bank.
Can I ask
a
question?
a
university (pronounced yuniversity)
a
European (pronounced yuropean)
We use
a/an
... when we say what a thing or a person is.
The sun is
a
star.
Dallas is
a
city in Texas
Joe is
a
very nice person.
We use
a/an
... for jobs etc. :
He’s
an
engineer.
Are you
a
student?
AN
an
before a / e / i / o /u :
Do you want
an
apple or
a
banana?
There was
an
interesting programme last night.
an
hour (h is not pronounced)
Geography
:no_entry: THE :no_entry:
Город
Страна
Континент
Локация
область, остров в единственном числе,
название из одного слова
Озера
Горные вершины
Холма
Улицы, скверы, площади, парки
road, street, square, park
Аэропорты
Остановки, станции
Учебные заведения
:check: THE :check:
Название страны, если есть
:
republic / states / kingdom
Название
страны, острова, горного массива
ВО МНОЖ.ЧИСЛЕ
the Nethelands, the Philippines
the Canary Islands, the Alps
Моря, океаны, реки, каналы
Отели, музеи, театры, кино
(заведения города)
При конструкции:
the
+
name
+
of
+
smth
the
Museum
of
Modern Art
the
Great Wall
of
China
the
University
of
California
the north / the south / the east / the west
(of...)
I’ve been
to the north of Italy
, but not to
the south
.
Past
Simple
V1 + ed (regular)
V2 (irregular)
Когда речь идет о разовом действии в прошлом и
указано или подразумевается время
They didn't go to Paris
last year
.
Для обозначения действия, которое произошло в
определенное время
в прошлом и время совершения которого уже истекло.
Регулярные, повторяющиеся действия в прошлом
The old man often
visited
me.
Перечисление последовательности действий в прошлом
I
heard
a strange sound,
looked back
, and
saw
a huge cat sitting on the table.
Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are not recent or new
Mozart
was
a composer. He
wrote
more than 600 pieces of music.(
not
has been … has written)
My mother
grew
up in Italy. (
not
has grown)
Continuous
was/were + V1 + ing
Когда есть точное время или период времени в прошлом, когда длилось действие
What were you doing
at 1 p.m.
? - I was having my lunch.
Когда говорим о двух действиях, одновременно в прошлом которые происходили
I was writing an e-mail
while
she was
cooking dinner.
Когда разовое действие (Past Simple) перебивает длинное действие (Past Continuous)
I
was reading
a book when my friend
knocked
at the door.
We use
ago
with the
past
:
She
arrived
in Ireland
three days ago
.
Infinitive and gerund
Infinitive
would like to
want
hope
need
plan
expect
promise
decide
offer
refuse
try
forget
learn
Both
like
prefer
love
hate
start
begin
continue
Gerund
enjoy
mind
stop
finish
suggest
SOME / ANY
Use
some
in
positive
sentences:
I’m going to buy
some
clothes.
We made
some
mistakes.
:!:
something / somebody (or someone)
:
She said
something
.
I saw
somebody
(or
someone
).
Would you like
something
to eat?
Somebody’s
at the door.
Use
any
in
negative
sentences:
I’m not going to buy
any
clothes.
We didn’t make
any
mistakes.
:!:
anything / anybody (or anyone)
:
She
didn’t
say
anything
.
I
didn’t
see
anybody
(or
anyone
).
Are you doing
anything
tonight?
Where’s Sue? Has
anybody
seen her?
any
and
some
in questions
:pen: In most questions (but not all) we use
any
(
not
some
):
Is there
any
ice in the fridge?
Has he got
any
friends?
Do you need
any
help?
:pen: We normally use
some
(not
any
) when we offer things (
Would you like ... ?
):
Would you like
some
coffee?
:pen: or when we
ask for
things (
Can I have
... ? etc.)
Can I have
some
soup, please?
Can you lend me
some
money?
Future
Simple
О фактах, которые, вероятно, произойдут в будущем.
Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds
will eat
it.
We
'll
probably
go
out this evening.
Will
you
be
at home this evening?
О том, что было решено только что, во время разговора. When we say ‘I’ll do something’,
we announce our decision.
:forbidden: Не используем в тех случаях, когда говорим об уже заранее спланированных или согласованных вещах, для этого Present Continuous.
Oh, I left the door open.
I’ll go
and shut it.
‘What would you like to drink?’ ‘
I’ll have
orange juice, please.’
‘Did you call Max?’ ‘Oh no, I forgot.
I’ll call
him now.’
We often use
I think I’l
l … /
I don’t think I’ll
…
I’m a little hungry.
I think I’ll have
something to eat.
I don’t think I’ll go
out tonight. I’m too tired.
Do you think
the exam
will be
difficult?
We often use
I’ll
in these situations:
Offering to do something
Agreeing to do something
Promising to do something
That bag looks heavy.
I’ll help
you with it. (
not
I help)
a: Can you give Tom this book?
b: Sure,
I’ll give
it to him when I see him this afternoon
Thanks for lending me the money.
I’ll pay
you back on Friday.
I won’t tell
anyone what happened. I promise
Will you (do something)? = please do it:
Will you
please turn the music down? It’s too loud.
We use
shall
mostly in the questions
shall I
… ? /
shall we
… ?
We use
shall I
… ? /
shall we
… ? to ask if it’s OK to do something or to ask for a suggestion:
Shall I
open the window? (= do you want me to open it?)
I’ve got no money. What
shall I
do? (= what do you suggest?)
‘
Shall we
go?’ ‘Just a minute. I’m not ready yet.’
‘Where
shall we
have lunch?’ ‘Let’s go to Marino’s.
Shall I
shut the door? (= do you want me to shut it?)
Will you
shut the door? (= I want you to shut it)
We often use will (’ll) with
probably
I’m sure
I think
I don’t think
I wonder
After
I hope
, we generally use the present:
I hope Kate
passes
the driving test.
I hope it
doesn’t rain
tomorrow.
We use
won’t
to say that somebody/something refuses to do something:
I’ve tried to give her advice, but she
won’t listen
.
The car
won’t start
. (= the car ‘refuses’ to start)
Reported Speech
Present Simple => Past Simple
am, is => was
are => were
"
I'm enjoying
my new job."
Diane said that
she was enjoying
her new job.
Present Continuous => Past Continuous
Presen Perfect => Past Perfect
have/has + V3 => had + V3
"
I've
already
visited
my doctor."
He said that
he had
already
visited
his doctor.
Present Perfect Continuous =>
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple => Past Perfect
Past Continuous
=>
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect => :forbidden:
Past Perfect Continuous => :forbidden:
Will => Would
2 more items...
was/were + V1 + ing
=>
had been + V1 + ing
"
I was working
until 11 P.M. yesterday"
He said that
he had been working
untill 11 P.M. the day before.
"
I was bored
."
He said he had been bored.
V2 => had + V3
"
I didn't go
to school till the age of 8."
He said
he hadn't gone
to school till the age of 8.
have/has + been + V1 + ing
=>
had + been + V1 + ing
"
We have been working
together for 3 years."
They said that
they had been working
together for 3 years.
now => then
here => there
today => that day
tomorrow => the next day
the day after tomorrow => two days late
yesterday (вчера) => the day before
the day before yesterday => two days before
next week / month => the next week / month
next year => the next year / the following year
last week / month => the previous week / month
last year => the year before
ago => before
DO & MAKE
Do
- это общее слово для обозначения действий
What do you do?
= What’s your job?
What are you
doing
this evening?
Rachel’s job is very boring. She
does
the same thing every day.
I
did
a lot of things yesterday.
do the shopping
do the ironing
do the cooking
do an exam / a test – сдавать экзамен / тест
do a course – пройти курс
do homework/ housework – делать домашнюю работу /работу по дому
do a favour – оказать услугу
do an exercise – делать упражнения
Do a job – выполнять работу
Do a translation – делать перевод
Do damage to s/b – нанести ущерб
Do right / wrong – делать правильно / неправильно
Do smth by chance / by accident – сделать что-то нечаянно
Do smth on purpose – сделать что-то намеренно
Do the cleaning / a room – делать уборку
Do the cooking / the dishes – готовить еду
Do the shopping – делать покупки
What can I do for you? – чем я могу быть полезен?
Make
= produce/create.
She’s
making
coffee.
He has
made
a cake.
They
make
umbrellas.
It was
made
in China.
make a mistake – сделать ошибку
make an appointment – назначить встречу
make a phone call – позвонить (сделать звонок)
make a list – составить список
make a noise – шуметь (делать шум)
make a bed – застилать постель
Make a bet – поспорить
Make a cake (tea, coffe, dinner) – приготовить что-то
Make a change – изменить(ся)
Make a choice – сделать выбор
Make a comment – прокомментировать
Make a complaint – пожаловаться
Make a compliment – сделать комплимент
Make a confession – сделать признание
Make a connection – соединить(ся)
Make a date with smb – назначить свидание
Make a deal – заключить сделку
Make a decision – принять решение
Make a demand – потребовать
Make a difference – это меняет дело
Make a discovery – совершить открытие
Make a guess – угадать, предположить
Make a profit – получить прибыль
Make a promise – обещать
Make a report – сделать доклад (сообщение)
Make a request – обратиться с просьбой
Make a speech – выступить с речью
Make a statement – заявлять
Make a success – добиться успеха
Make a suggestion – сделать предложение
Make an exception – делать исключение
Make an impression – производить впечатление
Make certain – убедиться
Make sure – удостовериться
Make clear – прояснить
Make friends – подружиться
Make progress – делать успехи / совершать прогресс
Make sense – иметь смысл
HAVE & HAVE GOT
:ballot_box_with_check:
have
и
have got
в значении “иметь, владеть”. Говорят о владении чем-то в настоящем времени.
:ballot_box_with_check: Для прошлого – “имел, владел” – используется форма
had
.
I’
ve got
a new car.
or
I
have
a new car.
Have
they
got
any children?
or
Do
they
have
any children?
Tim
hasn’t got
a job.
or
Tim
doesn’t have
a job.
:red_flag:The past is
I had
(without
got
) / I didn’t have / Did you have? etc. :
When I first met Sue, she
had
short hair.
He
didn’t have
any money because he
didn’t have
a job.
have breakfast / dinner / lunch / a meal / a cup of coffee … – прием пищи: завтракать / обедать / ужинать / кушать / пить кофе…
have a bath / a shower – помыться в ванной / под душем
have a walk / a swim / a game / a ride- прогуляться / поплавать / поиграть / прокатиться
have a good time – хорошо проводить время
have an appointment – назначать встречу
have fun – веселиться
have a talk – беседовать
have a baby – рожать ребенка
have a rest / a journey / a holiday / a party – отдыхать / путешествовать / иметь отпуск / проводить вечеринку
have a dream / an accident
have a headache / (a) toothache / a pain (in my leg etc.) / a cold / a cough / a sore throat / a temperature / flu etc.
Singular & plural
Always plural:
People
Police
Scissors
Glasses (очки)
Jeans
Shorts
Tights
Pyjamas
Trousers
Interesting form of plural:
man -> men
woman -> women
child -> children
foot -> feet
tooth -> teeth
mouse -> mice
sheep -> sheep
fish -> fish
ONE / ONES
:pencil2:
the ones ...
I found these
keys
. Are they
the ones
you lost?
:pencil2:
the ... ones
I don’t like the red
shoes
, but I like
the green ones
.
Don’t buy those
apples
. Buy
the other ones
.
:pencil2:
some ... ones
These
cups
are dirty. Can we have
some clean ones
?
My
shoes
are very old. I’m going to buy
some new ones
.
:star:
the one ...
(единственный, тот самый)
I found this
key
. Is it
the one
you lost?
:star:
the ... one
I don’t like the black
coat
, but I like
the brown one
.
Don’t buy that
camera
. Buy
the other one
.
:star:
a / an ... one
This
cup
is dirty. Can I have
a clean one
?
That
biscuit
was nice. I’m going to have
another one
.
non-continuous verbs
agree, depend, like, want, need, prefer, belong, fit, contain, consist, seem, know, realise, understand, recognise, believe, suppose, remember, mean, see, hear, smell, taste, hate, matter, love, forget,sound.
Modal verbs
Might
Вероятно, возможно, наверное.
Может передавать ситуацию как настоящего, так и будущего.
might (might not) + inf of verb
I might go
to the cinema this evening, but I’m not sure.
There might be
a problem with the site.
Sue might not come
to the party.
Might it be
a mistake?
May
Используется очень редко. По смыслу такой же, что и
might
.
Чаще с ним строят вопросы, помогает быть вежливым, со смыслом "Могу ли я..? / Можно ли мне..?"
May I
... ? =
Is it OK to ... ? / Can I ... ?
may (may not) + inf of verb
I may go
to the cinema this evening. (= I might go)
Sue may not come
to the party.
May I ask
a question? (= is it O K to ask / can I ask?)
Can, could
Мочь, уметь, иметь физическую возможность что-либо сделать.
Can - настоящее и будущее.
Could - прошлое.
can (can't) + inf of verb
I can play
the piano.
Can
you
swim
?
When I was young, I
could run
very fast
We use
Can you ... ?
or
Could you ... ?
when we ask people to do things:
Can you
open the door, please?
Could you
wait a moment, please?
We use
Can I have ... ?
or
Could I have ... ?
to ask for something:
Can I have
these postcards, please?
Can I ... ?
or
Could I ... ?
= is it O K to do something?:
Tom,
can I
borrow your umbrella?
Must, had to
Должен.
Must
только в настоящем.
В прошлом используем
had to
О законах, правилах (чуть большая степень обязанности)
Когда о себе, мне так нужно сделать
must (mustn't) + inf of verb
I’m very hungry.
I must eat
something.
I was very hungry.
I had to eat
something. (
past
)
mustn't
- нельзя, запрет.
it is necessary not to do it,
it is the wrong thing to do
I must hurry.
I mustn’t be
late.
must be + -ing
= должно быть + действие
He must be sleeping! - Он, должно быть, спит!
Have to
Don't have to
Needn't (don't need to)
Отсутствие необходимости что-то сделать
don't have to + inf
needn't + inf
don't need to + inf
I don’t need to
go yet. I can stay a little longer. =
I don’t have to
go yet. I can stay a little longer. =
I needn't
go yet. I can stay a little longer.
Should
Стоило бы, следует так поступить, было бы правильно
Только в настоящем (пока что)
should (shouldn't) + inf of verb
1 more item...
I think ... should ...
2 more items...
Would
Would you like
... ? = Do you want ... ? = Ты хотел бы?
1 more item...
Показывает необходимость что-то сделать из-за внешних причин. Это не моё решение, я вынуждена сделать это.
Любое время.
have to (has to) + inf of verb
had + inf of verb
will have to + inf of verb
Jane starts work at 7 o ’clock, so
she has to get up
at 6.
We had to walk
home last night. There were no buses.
I'll have to get up
at 6 toworrow.
Do
/
Does
somebody
have to
...?
Somebody
don't / doesn't have to...
Did
somebody
have to
?
Somebody
didn't have to...
Will
somebody
have to
... ?
Somebody
won't have to ... .
Countable & uncountable
Uncountable:
Употребляются без артикля
Глаголы/местоимения для них в единственном числе
Money
News
Advice
Work
Food
Furniture (мебель)
Knowledge
Damage
Baggage
Traffic
I have a
piece of
news for you.
That's the best
(piece of)
news I've heard for a long time!
We've got
some
good
news
for you.
Steven gave me
some
good
advice
.
Can I give you
a piece of advice
?
NO + ANY / NO / NONE / NO-ONE
:red_flag:
not (-n't) + any
There are
n’t any
cars in the car park.
Tracey and Jeff have
n’t
got
any
children.
You can have some coffee, but I do
n’t
want
any
.
:red_flag:
no ...
=
not any
or
not a
There are
no cars
in the car park. (= there are
n’t
any
cars)
We’ve got
no coffee
. (= we have
n’t
got
any
coffee)
It’s a nice house, but there’s
no garden
. (= there is
n’t a
garden)
:red_flag:
none
(Use
none
alone; without a noun)
'How much money have you got?' '
None
'. ( = no money)
:red_flag:
none
and
no-one
none
= 0
no-one
= nobody
:warning:
None
is an answer for
How much
? /
How many
? (things or people):
‘How much money have you got?’ ‘
None
.’ (= no money)
‘
How many
people did you meet?’ ‘
None
.’ (= no people)
:warning:
No-one
is an answer for
Who
?:
‘
Who
did you meet?’ ‘
No-one
.’ or ‘
Nobody
.’