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Organic Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Organic Chemistry
IUPAC System for Naming
Identify longest carbon chain
Find the functional group
Identify side chains (e.g. methyl groups)
Position/number of substituent groups - no. of carbon atoms in the longest chain - class of compound (functional group)
Example: 3,3-dimethylbutanal
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Compounds
A primary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and at least two H atoms
A secondary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and one H atom
A tertiary carbon atom is attached to the functional group and no H atoms
Reactions
Combustion of alkanes- react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
Substitution of alkanes: initiation, propagation, termination with UV light
Alkene reactions: hydrogenation- Ni catalyst and 150 C, hydration- H2SO4 catalyst, addition of hydrogen halides, halogenation, polymerisation
General, molecular, and structural formulae of functional groups
Alkanes: alkyl group, alkenes: alkenyl group, alkynes: alkynyl group, alcohols; hydroxyl group, aldehydes: carbonyl group, ketones: carbonyl group, carboxylic acids: carboxyl group, ethers, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, arenes
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Structure of benzene
Evidence 1:
C-C bonds are of the same length (intermediate between single and double carbon-carbon bond)
Evidence 2:
Only one isomer exists for 1,2-disubstituted benzene compounds. If there were C-C double bonds, additional isomers would exist
Evidence 3:
Benzene does not readily undergo addition reactions. If it had three C-C double bonds, it would. It undergoes substitution reactions instead.
Evidence 4:
Enthalpy change of hydrogenation is lower than expected because its resonance energy makes the compound very stable.
Homologous Series
Same general formula, gradation in physical properties, same functional group, similar chemical properties