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La Alimentación antes del encuentro con América 1 - Coggle Diagram
La Alimentación antes del encuentro con América 1
Part Four: Europe A.D.
Supplying the towns
the tool that shaped
agricultural revolution
Middle Ages
a new kind of plough
the 'scratch' plough
turned the earn
since Sumerian times
the metal was still clumsy implement
poor results in return for back-braking labour
the new plough imposed
new disciplines
it was expensive
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in the sixth century
the Slavs of the north-east introduced
mainland Europe
new plough that cut deeply
fully developed
the mouldboard plough
three working parts
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the technologically advanced
Chinese had
better plough
the same general type
'board' made of metal
since Han times
Europe's wood-boarded plough
powerful implement
with the new plough and a stronge team of oxen
now possible
farm formerly virgin land, to clear forests and cultivate wasted ground
food production increased
did population
Germany is estimated
by the end of the seventh century
the population
expanded to four times
in the Roman period
Crop Rotation
is a subject killed
schoold childs
the unexciting fact
people began growing
wheat or rye in one field
The people of the early
Middle Ages became
in every sense
full of beans
according to modern estimates
fully half the knights of France
set off either
for the Levant or the Islamic territories
northern Spain during
thirty years covering the end
the end of the eleventh and the beginning of the twelfth centuries
The Horse
Northern Europe's
new crop system
gave new vigour to the hourse
first domesticated
the steppe lands of Euroasia
2000 BC
early medieval times
a mount for the knight rather
traction animal for the farmer
hooves were not adapted
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the first problem was solved
the introduction of nailed horseshoes
the second
the farmers discovered
new style of collar harness
originating in China
the answer to the feed problem
the three-field rotation system
adjusted to produce a regular crop of oats
Towns of the Middle Ages
most dwellers in the new towns were peasants
working the land ramained deeply embedded in the countryside
pigs rooted
the streets
sheep grazed
partches of muddy pasture
there were areas of garden
housewife grew
few vegetables and the strong-smelling
pesticidal herbs
strewed on the floors of home
in wine country
there were
individual vineyard plots
The Markets
towns grew
small markets
the neighbourly
produce
spices, wine and silks
towns properity
depended on the market
stringent precautions had to be taken
to guard the stall-holders against robbery, violence
the medieval equivalent
protection raquet
Quiality control
it was generally impossible
view of the commercial politics
end to offences against health and hygiene
everywhere worked hard
imposing quality control and a number of guilds
were far-sighted
enough to try
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Public cookshops
lack
domestic cooking
facilities
sent most housewives
to the baker
it encouraged
the proliferation
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there was nothing
there is no record
welfth-century prices
new about cookshop
Hygiene
the people of the Middle Age
knew that diseare
could be spread
by either contagion or airborne infection
bad smells
the standard of hygiene in
cookshops, markets and private homes
was anything but stringent
plage and typhus spread
rats in the market place
dysentery and paratyphoid
from the fish in the river
food poisoning from the take-away stalls
Dance of Death
medieval imagination
the nightmare pestilence
the Black Death
traumatic effect
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Spices, the magical ingredient
the rich and the new middle classes
more living space the the poor
scaped
of the more intimate hazards of city life
the most popular
spices, cinnamon and cloves
antiseptic influence in the intestine
Middle Age
recognized the spices
could have
beneficial effect on health
Grain Supplies
Venetians came to monopolize
the spice trade
the Han-seatic League
succeeded
taking a grip
Europe's supplies
important commodity
grain
the early growth of towns
had been matched
by grain production
on land increasingly distant
from the centres of consumption
there was a bad harvest
the lords
on their great estates
the peasants
on their smallholdings
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the townspeople
the new class
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Sheep Farming
the late medieval European
the sheep was the most attractive commercial proposition
supplied milk and meat
fat for cooking and tallow for lighting
wool to clothe
the people of the north
and skin that were much in demand
by the parchment makers
business had begun to boom
literacy spread outside the walls of the monasteries
into the realms of business and everyday life
less temperamental
the cow and nimbler
on rough pastures
the sheep
cropped the grass more closely
more closely and was marginaly more fecund