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biodiversity 4.2.1 - Coggle Diagram
biodiversity 4.2.1
animal sampling
observation
look for dropping, undigested food, bark damage - dear
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pitfall traps
antifreeze or water at bottom to kill quickly to prevent carnivores eating others & causing underestimation
tallgren funnels
soil dwelling creatures are driven away from light downwards, fall into alcohol killing them
light traps
UV light attracts flying insects, moths are trapped & fall into alcohol trap
longworth trap
harmless, small animal drawn in by food & then can be released
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plant sampling
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identify the plants inside the quadrat, estimate the % cover for each species
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random sampling
procedure
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use random numbers to select the co=ordinates, this prevents bias & makes your study more representative & valid
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disadvantages
all areas will not be covered equally, rare species may be missed, leading to an underestimation of biodiversity
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systematic (non-random)
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disadvantages
only the species on the line of the transect are included, leading to an underestimation of biodiversity
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stratified (non-random)
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advantages
ensures all areas of the habitat are sampled & reduces the chance that a species is under represented
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conservation in situ
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meathods;
Protected area
- E.g. National parks & nature reserves; no urban development or farming allowed
- E.g. marine conversation zones; no fishing human activities are controlled.
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Protecting the habitats
- E.g. coppicing in stead of completely removing the trees allows trees to grow back & maintains a habitat
Restoring damaged areas
- E.g. coastlines polluted by oil spills
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Legal protection
- making it illegal to kill certain animals
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disadvantages
2 - difficult to control some threatening factors (e.g. poachers, predators, disease & climate change)
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4 - it’s a honeypot for tourist, poachers who will cause disturbance
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conversation ex situ
ex situ - conservation off site, placing part of the population in a new location
methods;
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Botanic gardens
- controlled environments for growing rare plants for research, display & education
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disadvantages
Collecting seeds from 1 area & breeding them together reduces genetic diversity as they may be too genetically similar
Funding a garden is expensive; (heaters, staff, etc) - public doesn’t love plants as much as animals
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Seeds may not be viable after may years of storage - to improve reduce temp, reduce oxygen, remove water (dehydrate the seeds)
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Seed banks
- seeds can be frozen & stored for 100 years in case of disease or natural disasters
advantages
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8 - whilst in captivity they can be observed, can research into biology & lifestyle more easily
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disadvantages
5 - different behaviour exhibited than would do in natural environment, therefore difficult to reproduce due to stress
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4 - nutrition is not always easy to replicate what they normally eat (cannot replicate perfect diet)
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8 - If introduced to the wild will have difficulty hunting & finding food & may not be accepted by wild animals
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genetic biodiversity
where we have isolated populations (e.g. zoos, rare breeds or pedigree animals)
less genetic diversity, e.g. Prezewalskis' horses - look similar
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biodiversity = the amount of variation shown by a species in an ecosystem is called the ecosystem's biodiversity
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