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biodiversity 4.2.1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - C2 = num of recaptured (total)
      - C3 = num of recaptured that are marked
      - C1 = num of animals 1st capture
    - - assuming the marked organisms mix equally within the population
      - assuming there is no migration in or out
      - assuming that he marked & unmarked have an equal chance being captured (marked could've died)
      - assuming no births or deaths
- - - - randomly select the site inside the habitat
      - use random numbers to select the co=ordinates, this prevents bias & makes your study more representative & valid
    - - no bias in data
    - - all areas will not be covered equally, rare species may be missed, leading to an underestimation of biodiversity
  - - - the researcher deliberately samples an area that they know contains a particular species ( they have prior knowledge)
    - - easier & quicker than random sampling
    - - data will be biased
      - interesting or colourful species may interest you & may lead to an over estimate of biodiversity
  - - - samples are taken at fixed intervals across a habitat
      - line & belt transects are e.g. of this
    - - very useful when the habitat shows a gradient in a environment factor
      - e.g. the ground becoming dryer as you move away from a pond
    - - only the species on the line of the transect are included, leading to an underestimation of biodiversity
      - can end up being biased as you chose where to place the transect
  - - - divide your habitat into areas that look different than sample each area separately
    - - ensures all areas of the habitat are sampled & reduces the chance that a species is under represented
    - - this can lead to over representation of some areas
      - for e.g. a disproportionate num of samples taken from small areas that look different
- - - - E.g. National parks & nature reserves; no urban development or farming allowed
      - E.g. marine conversation zones; no fishing human activities are controlled.
    - - E.g. grey squirrel out competing red & driving them to extinction
    - - E.g. coppicing in stead of completely removing the trees allows trees to grow back & maintains a habitat
    - - E.g. coastlines polluted by oil spills
    - - E.g. turtles
    - - making it illegal to kill certain animals
      - E.g. swans
  - - - everyone can visit, live, work & shape the landscape.
      - 15 in UK
    - - 400 in UK
      - cover all types of vegetation, they are set up to protect sensitive features of the environment for research & education
    - - the very best wildlife & geological sites, include some of the most spectacular & beautiful habitats
      - they aren’t openly signposted cause they may contain rare or endangered species or a fragile habitat, to avoid unwanted damaged from trampling from visits by people who would flock to see it.
      - 6000 in UK
    - - run by county wildlife trusts, they educate students about the importance of looking after the environment
    - - 27 around Uk coast
      - Needed to conserve thee biodiversity of nationally rare, threatened & representative habitats & species in our seas
- - - - E.g. sea eagles in Britain, carried out in animal sanctuaries & zoos
    - - controlled environments for growing rare plants for research, display & education
      - uses & advantages
        
        don’t take much space
        
        You are storing the seeds & germinating some of them in protected surroundings
        
        Seeds are produced in large amounts in the wild & therefore they are easily collected.
        
        Asexual products can be used to produce large numbers quickly
        
        Captive bread plants can then be replanted in the wild
      - disadvantages
        
        Collecting seeds from 1 area & breeding them together reduces genetic diversity as they may be too genetically similar
        
        Funding a garden is expensive; (heaters, staff, etc) - public doesn’t love plants as much as animals
        
        Collecting seeds causes some disturbance to natural environment
        
        Seeds may not be viable after may years of storage - to improve reduce temp, reduce oxygen, remove water (dehydrate the seeds)
        
        Plants that are bred asexually will be clones - reduced genetic diversity
        
        Research on a small sample may not be representative of the whole species
    - - seeds can be frozen & stored for 100 years in case of disease or natural disasters
- - - - Food & drink
      - Clothing
      - Drugs
      - Fuel (e.g.ethanol & bio gas)
      - Industrial materials (e.g. wood, appear, dyes, glues, oil, rubber)
      - Natural pesticides
      - Potential medicines & vaccines
  - - - organisms are interdependent
    - - the growth of plants & food for animals will be effected, everything’s interdependent
      - worms & decomposes are important, they improve soil quality by recycling nutrience
    - - it’s a species that has a profound effect on the ecosystem, & if they are effected it will therefore have a profound effect on the ecosystem
      - E.g. predators that keep herbivores in check
      - mountain lions in Arizona keep deer in check, (prey-predator cycle) when hunters started killing the lions to protect the deer, the deer population increased destroying vegetation eventually starving the deer
      - e.g. sugar maple trees; transfer water from deep roots to dryer soil, canopy cover providing moist, cool atmosphere, shade benefits for other trees & decompress, sap as food for insects which in turn provide food for birds & small mammals
      - E.g. Wolves & elks; during the C20th wolves were killed in most US states, elk population exploded destroying plant species & harmed populations of beavers & songbirds who needed those plants
  - - - Crop pollination
      - Recycling of nutrience
      - Discovery of molecules for medicine
      - Growth of trees for wood
      - Food & fuel
      - Soil depletion cause of growing mono cultures which require inorganic fertilisers to maintain high yield, without organic matter soil turns to dust (dust storms)
- - - - animals that are closely related are used, leads to health problems, e.g. genetic defects ( recessive disorders), or more susceptible to certain diseases
      - may lower the populations' ability to survive & reproduce, a phenomenon called inbreeding depression
    - - with a smaller gene pool there's less variation. we might outbreed a disease resistance gene
- - - - need intense farming
      - huge resource consumption
    - - habitat loss (deforestation) due to; farming, building, roads, fire wood
    - - increase demand for food, water & energy - uses up our resources faster than they can be replenished, e.g. industrial fishing
    - - cities & major roads can isolate species can isolate species - population are unable to interbreed - decrease genetic diversity
    - - as human population increases we product more waste - habitats are destroyed & species & species killed
      - a) eutrophication & fish
        
        farmer adds inorganic nitrates/phosphates to flied, the fertilisers blead through soil into water table, enters rivers & lakes, algae multiply (algal bloom) blocking out sunlight, killing plants at bottom, bacteria (decomposers) multiply & use up all O2 & fish die
      - b) acid rain
        
        burning coal in power stations produce sulphur dioxide - sulphuric acid, cars produce nitrogen oxide - nitric acid
    - - = the growing of a single variety of crop , e.g. African Palm oil plantations
      - a) habitat loss
        
        need to clear land to grow them - reduces habitat diversity
        
        e.g. fish farms & mangroves vs shrimp farms
      - b) loss of local plants & animals
        
        e.g. weeds & pests
        
        e.g. use of herbicides on cornfields to kill milk weed
        
        many natural & local plants are destroyed when land is needed to grow food crops, reduces species diversity
      - c) loss of heritage variations of crops
        
        reduces species diversity, selective breeding causes genetic erosion (reduction of genetic diversity of a species)
        
        if too much genetic diversity erosion becomes more difficult or impossible for evolution to take place
    - - = long term change in an areas average temp or rainfall
      - can happen naturally but believed humans are having an impact, increase in greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. CO2) leading to global warming
      - global warming upsets weather patterns causing lots of problems - areas will be colder, warmer wetter, dryer
        
        can cause mass extinction - effects global diversity
      - BUT its possible that an increase of temp can cause an increase in biodiversity
    - - from an area = decrease in biodiversity
      - to an area = increase in biodiversity
      - BUT if change too fast they may die as have no tie to adjust
      - sooty copper butterflies have moved 60 miles north over the last few decades
      - coral dies if there's a change in temp of 1 or 2'C - in 1998 1 entire species of coral died due to a rise in water temp