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(4) CLAUSES and CLAUSE COMPLEXES - Coggle Diagram
(4) CLAUSES and CLAUSE COMPLEXES
RECOGNIZING CLAUSE BOUNDARIES
Minor Clauses (has no predicator)
Greeting
Hi! Good day!
Exclamations
Oh burger! Streuth!
Address (vocative)
Rhonda, sweety cakes!
Major Clauses
Independent
Non-Elliptical
Who is the best man?
Elliptical
Michael Jones (is the best man)
Dependent
Type
Non-embedded (different clause)
The prisoner, who hid in the thicket, escaped
It's my own invention - to keep sandwiches in
Embedded (same clause)
Qualifier in a nominal group. e.g.: The prisoner
((who hid in the thicket))
Head of a nominal group (nominalization). e.g.
That you are sorry
isn't enough
Qualifier in an adverbial group. e.g. Biting off more
((than you can chew))
is silly
Requirement
verbal group functioning as the predicator of the dependent clause
Imperfective (participal) ing ==> verb + ing
Perceptive (infinitive) to ==> to + verb
subordinating relator
e.g. since, if, although, because =>
as
he has thought
Relative word 'that'
that
he was doing them a favor
A relator Wh-word
e.g. who, which, when =>
which
made John rather indignant
CLAUSE COMPLEXES
Expansion
Elaboration (=)
specifying in greater detail, restatement, exemplification, and comment
I've played in several orchestras = I've played in the Darwin Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia
Barry Tuckwell may be the world's best living horn player = he's very, very talented
That is to say
Extension (+)
extends the meaning of one clause by adding something new
Involves 'and', 'but', and 'or'
I play a French horn + and my sister plays oboe
moreover, furthermore
Enhancement (x)
Involves circumstantial relationships where the circumstantial information is coded as new clause rather than within a clause
Causative
=> You don't have time to practice (x)
if you teach both day and night
Causal
=> We didn't have rehearsal on Monday (x)
because it was a public holiday
Concessive
=> We had a rehearsal on Monday (x)
although it was a public holiday
Temporal
=> I went to rehearsal (x)
after I lectured all day
Spatial
=> We rehearsed at Kedron Park High School (x)
where we always rehearse
Manner
=> I am developing a more pleasing sound (x)
by changing my embouchure
Projection
Links clauses by having one process projected through another either by quoting or reporting
Occurs through Mental and Verbal Processes
Locution/Verbal Processes (")
The conductor said " The next concert is in July
Idea/Mental Processes (')
I thought ' the next concert is in July
Taxis
Parataxis (number)
Referring to clauses as being initiating or continuing
Hypotaxis (Greek letters)
referring to clauses as being either dominant or dependent
α (dominant)
Expansion
Elaboration (=)
Extension (+)
Enhancement (x)
ANALYSIS of CLAUSE COMPLEXES
List each clause vertically down the page, letter each clause complex (A, B, C, etc), and number each clause in the clause complex (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.)
Display analysis on left-hand side of text
Begin a new layer (indent) whenever there is a change in taxis or a change in logico-semantic relation