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exam revision - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Includes all the planets living things, animals, plants, bacteria, fungi,
    - - Also known as the lithosphere
      - Includes all of the hard solid land of the planet's crust (surface), the semi-solid land underneath the crust, and the liquid land near the center of the planet
    - - Contains all the air/gas on earth
        
        extends from less than 1 m below the planet's surface to more than 10,000 km above the planet's surface
        
        upper portion of the atmosphere protects the organisms of the biosphere from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. It also absorbs and emits heat
      - has 5 layers
        
        stratosphere
        
        troposphere
        
        mesosphere
        
        thermosphere
        
        exosphere
    - - Includes all the solid, liquid, and gaseous water on earth
        
        It ranges from 10 to 20 kilometers in thickness. The hydrosphere extends from Earth's surface downward several kilometers into the lithosphere and upward about 12 kilometers into the atmosphere
        
        97% of the earths water is salty
        
        Water near the poles is very cold while water near the equator is very warm. The differences in temperature cause water to change physical states. Extremely low temperatures like those found at the poles cause water to freeze into a solid such as a polar icecap, a glacier, or an iceberg. Extremely high temperatures like those found at the equator cause water to evaporate into a gas.
  - - - 10% energy law
        
        only 10% of the food source will be transferred to the next animal, and 10% of that animals energy to the next, etc so the animals that are the 3rd or 4th consumer get significantly less energy than the original animal
        
        it is rare to have food chains more than four organisms long (Four Trophic Levels).
      - flow
        
        producer ->
        
        primary consumer ->
        
        secondary consumer ->
        
        tertiary consumer :
        
        eats the primary consumer (gets around 10% of that animals energy)
        
        eats the primary consumer (gets around 10% of that animals energy)
        
        animal that eats the original food source (gets around 10% of the energy from the plant)
        
        original food source (plant)
    - - predator - eats the prey
      - prey - gets eaten by the predator
      - A predator-prey relationship tends to keep the populations of both species in balance. As the prey population increases, there is more food for predators. So, after a slight lag, the predator population increases as well. As the number of predators increases, more prey are captured. As a result, the prey population starts to decrease.
        
        things like disease and natural disasters can affect the population of either the predator or prey which will them have an impact on the population of the other, and the population of other species in the area
      - adaptations like camouflage help both the predator and prey
  - - - photosynthesis
      - respiration
      - diffusion
      - sinking
      - rock cycle
      - weathering and erosion
      - burning fossil fuels
      - decomposition
      - burning
      - soil respiration
      - erupting volcano
    - - Atmosphere
      - Plants
      - Food web
      - soil organic carbon
      - ocean surface
      - coal, oil, gas
      - sedimentary rocks
      - shellfish and coral
      - phytoplankton
      - deep ocean sediments
      - deep ocean currents
  - - - nitrogen in atmosphere
      - nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules in legumes
        
        nitrogen fixation in plants
      - nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil
        
        nitrogen fixation
      - ammonium
      - assimilation by plants
        
        amino acids and proteins in plants and animals
      - nitrifying bacteria
      - nitrates
      - denitrifying bacteria
        
        nitrogen in air
      - detritus
        
        detrivores and decomposition
  - - - Condensation
        
        transportation
        
        precipitation
        
        Other processes
        
        Sublimation
        
        when ice/snow changes directing into a vapour without turning into liquid first
        
        deposition
        
        when water vapour turns directly into ice/snow without turning into a liquid first
        
        Transpiration
        
        water evaporation from plants
        
        infiltration and percolation
        
        water going into the ground
        
        when the water droplets rain down
        
        condensation is the process of water vapor turning into liquid water droplets which is when we begin to see clouds
  - - - 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
    - - Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product
        
        Stomatal - is the process through which water is lost through the stomata. This water loss accounts for roughly 80%-90% of the water lost from the plant.
        
        Lenticular- is the loss of water from plants as vapor through the lenticels. The lenticels are tiny openings that protrude from the barks in woody stems and twigs as well as in other plant organs.
        
        Transpiration
        
        is the process of evaporation and water movement through plants.
        
        The water absorbs through the roots the moves upwards then the plant transpires (releases water).
        
        3 types of transpiration.
        
        Transpiration is more on the under surface of leaves because receives less sunlight and more stomata vice versa for the upper side.
        
        Cuticular- the transpiration of gases or vapor directly through the external membranes.
    - - Stomata
        
        are small pores in plant leaves that release gas or water vapour. Specialized cells known as guard cells surround stomata and function to open and close stomatal pores
  - - - net catching ?
        
        bad
      - pole hook fishing ?
      - fish farms
        
        sea pens
        
        problems
        
        chemicals
        
        escaping fish
- - - - Structure
        
        Mouth and nose
        
        takes in the air
        
        Cilia
        
        Tiny hair like projections
        
        Line the airways and help filter out harmful particles
        
        Pharynx (throat)
        
        Receives air from mouth and nose
        
        Larynx (voice box)
        
        Connects throat and trachea
        
        Trachea (windpipe)
        
        Connects larynx to lungs
        
        Trachea connects to two tubes in the lungs called bronchi/bronchus
        
        Lungs
        
        Two lungs
        
        Each lung has a bronchus
        
        Bronchus divide into smaller and smaller and smaller branches called bronchioles
        
        Bronchioles eventually become microscopic
        
        Bronchioles end in microscopic air sacs called alveoli
        
        2 more items...
        
        Lungs are covered by a thin layer called the pleura
        
        acts as a lubricant so the lungs can move smoothing as they expand and contract
        
        diaphragm
      - The respiratory system controls breathing and oxygen intake for the whole body, and gets rid of the CO2
      - Three processes are essential for the transfer of oxygen from the outside air to the blood flowing through the lungs: ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion
        
        Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of gases, without the use of any energy or effort by the body, between the gas in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries in the lungs
        
        Perfusion is the process by which the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the lungs
        
        Ventilation is the process by which air moves in and out of the lungs
    - - Blood vessels
        
        Veins
        
        collect blood from the capillaries in the body and return the blood to the heart. The wall of the veins are thin, the blood is at a much lower pressure. To prevent the backflow of this lower pressure blood the veins contain valves
        
        Artieries
        
        take blood away from the heart to the body organs and tissues. The artery wall is thick and muscular so it can withstand the high pressure of the blood being pumped directly from the heart
        
        Cappilaries
        
        are tiny, thin-walled vessels which form a network to take blood through the organs and tissues
      - The heart
        
        Double pump
        
        One pump for deoxygenated blood
        
        One pump for oxygenated blood
        
        Four chambers
        
        Left ventricle
        
        Right ventricle
        
        Left atrium
        
        right atrium
        
        Valves to prevent blood from going backwards
      - Transports blood around the body
        
        transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hormones to parts of the body
        
        Stabilizes temperature and pH level
        
        Removes waste from the body
        
        CO2 is carried to the lungs to get rid of it
      - Blood
        
        Red blood cells
        
        Carries oxygen
        
        Also called erythrocytes
        
        Most common type of blood cell
        
        Doesn't have a nucleus
        
        Transports glucose
        
        Gets oxygen from the lungs
        
        Blood plasma
        
        Liquid component of blood
        
        Makes up about 55% of the bodies blood
        
        parts of blood plasma
        
        beta and alpha globylens and albulenes
        
        all blood cells have a plasma membrane
        
        White blood cells
        
        Also called leukocytes
        
        Part of the immune system
        
        Has a nucleus
        
        Types of white blood cell
        
        Neutrophil
        
        Defends the body against bacteria and fungi
        
        Eosinophil
        
        Defends the body against larger parasites and controls mechanisms assosiated with allergy and asthma
        
        Platelets
        
        Stops bleeding by clumping and clotting
        
        No cell nucleus
        
        Also called thrombocytes
        
        Blood pathway
        
        Superior vena cava
        
        Right atrium
        
        tricuspid valve
        
        Right ventricle
        
        1 more item...
      - Systemic circulation
        
        Delivers blood to body cells and takes away waste
      - Pulmonary circulation
        
        Gets rid of carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)
      - Blood pressure
        
        Usually regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems
        
        Expressed in
        
        Systole
        
        is when the ventricle contracts
        
        Diastole
        
        Is when the heart refills the blood following the systole
        
        Cardiac output
        
        volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute
        
        Mean arterial pressure
        
        The average blood pressure in an individual
    - - Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller components so it can be used for nutrients
      - Types of digestion
        
        Chemical digestion
        
        Chemical digestion is the process of digestiong food which chemicals and enzymes, like stomach acids
        
        Examples of chemical digestion
        
        salivary glands
        
        Enzymes in the saliva digest starch/carbohydrates
        
        Carbohydrase
        
        Located next to the mouth
        
        3
        
        Bile
        
        Produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
        
        Breaks down fat
        
        Stomach acid
        
        Produced in the stomach lining
        
        Mechanical digestion
        
        Mechanical digestion is digestion though things like crushing, squishing etc with things like teeth
        
        Examples of mechanical digestion
        
        Teeth/chewing
        
        32 teeth, different types with different purposes
        
        Insicors
        
        Molars
        
        Pre molars
        
        Canines
        
        Mixing/churning in the stomach
        
        Mixing and breaking up in the intestines
      - Food pathway
        
        Mouth
        
        oesophagus
        
        stomach
        
        stomach acid/gastric acid and churning continue digestion
        
        small intestine
        
        large intestine
        
        2 more items...
        
        liver produces bile (stored in the gall bladder) and pancreas helps continue digestion, and then begins absorbing the nutrients
        
        Muscular rings that help push food down (peristalsis)
        
        ballus
        
        Teeth and salivary glands start digestion
        
        Epiglottis makes sure food goes into the oesophagus instead of into the lungs
  - - - Tissue >
        
        Organs >
        
        Organ Systems >
        
        Organism
        
        An organ system is a group of organs in the body that connect and work together to perform a function. Each system relies on the other to work
        
        There are 12 systems in the body
        
        circulatory/cardiovascular
        
        lymphatic
        
        digestive
        
        Endocrine
        
        nervous
        
        muscular
        
        Integumentary
        
        reproductive
        
        Respiritory
        
        Skeletal
        
        Urinary
        
        Immune
        
        An organ is a structure made of tissues that performs a specific function
        
        A tissue is a group of connected cells hat have the same or similar function
        
        There are four basic tissue types
        
        Connective tissue
        
        Made up of cells that form the body's structure like bone and cartilege
        
        Epithelial tissue
        
        Made up of the cells the line the body's surfaces like skin or the lining of the digestive tract. Epithelial tissue protects the body and can absorb and secrete substances like hormones and nutrients
        
        Muscle tissue
        
        Made of cells that have the ability to contract or become shorter. These allow the body to move
        
        Nervous tissue
        
        Made up of neurons or nerve cells which carry electrical messages. Nervous tissue makes up the brain and nerves that connect the brain to the body.
      - Cells build up everything in the human body and all living thing
      - Specialized cells have specific roles and build up specifc part of the body
      - They are the smallest living part of any organism
      - Plant cells
        
        The basic cell for all plants
        
        Parts
        
        Nucleus
        
        Holds the DNA of the cell and controls the cells activities
        
        Cell wall
        
        Contains cellulose and gives the cell a rigid shape. It also prevents the cell from bursting when it is full of water
        
        Vacuole
        
        Stores water and dissolved nutrient, and when filled with water it pushes outwards and helps keep the cells shape
        
        Cell surface membrane
        
        Forms boundary between the cell and its surroundings. It is partially permeable so it will allow some substances, eg oxygen, to enter or leave the cell
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Gel like material made of water and dissolved substances, supports the other cell structures. Some chemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Photosynthesis happens here, contains chlorophyll which is green and can produce glucose and oxygen with water, CO2 and energy/light
        
        Mitrochondria
        
        Energy is released here from glucose when oxygen is present
      - Animal cells
        
        The basic cell for all animals (including humans
        
        Parts
        
        Nucleus
        
        Holds the DNA of the cell and controls the cells activities
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Gel like material made of water and dissolved substances, supports the other cell structures. Some chemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm
        
        Cell surface membrane
        
        Forms boundary between the cell and its surroundings. It is partially permeable so it will allow some substances, eg oxygen, to enter or leave the cell
        
        Mitrochondria
        
        Energy is released here from glucose when oxygen is present
  - - - Made up of long chains of amino acids which form a specific shape and leave an active area on the enzyme which allows it to function
    - - Chemical reactions happen when particles collide with enough energy. Minimum amount of energy required is called the activation level and enzymes lower the activation level so the reaction can happen faster
      - They will work faster in the correct temperatures, peak being around 40º and will get less productive after that
    - - Each enzyme only works for their specific function
      - Each type of enzyme has an active site that fits the molecule (substrate) it is meant for
    - - Catabolic enzymes
        
        Break down large molecules into smaller molecules
      - Anabolic enzymes
        
        Build up small molecules to form larger molecules
    - - Enzymes in digestion break down large food molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed through the small intestine wall to reach the blood
      - Different parts of the digestive track have different pH levels to help the different enzymes work better
      - Types of enzymes in digestion
        
        Lipase
        
        Digest fats/lipids and produce fatty acids and glycerol
        
        Bile helps break fats into smaller droplets which helps lipase enzymes break them down
        
        Protease
        
        Digest protein and produce amino acids
        
        Carbohydrase
        
        Digest carbohydrate/starch substrates and produces glucose/sugars