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Cognitive Neuroscience Lecture 1 - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive Neuroscience
Lecture 1
LECTURE 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To understand the influence of phrenology in modern cognitive Neuroscience.
FUNCTIONAL SPECIALISATION
: To a certain extent, the different regions of the brain are specialised for different functions.
To understand historical perspectives of the mind-body problem
The mind-body problem refers to the question of how physical matter can produce mental experience. This remains an enduring issue in cognitive neuroscience.
Philosophical Perspectives
Rene Descartes: mind in non-physical and immortal. Problem with this for cognitive neuroscience = can’t study the non-physical.
Scientific Perspectives
To refresh your knowledge of brain anatomy and it’s function
What is
Cognitive Neuroscience?
“
To provide a brain-based account of cognition
”. - Exploring and identifying structure and function of the brain often by using different technologies.
CHAPTER 2
Autistic people
tend to have
larger brains
than other populations of people.
Dorsal
= Top
Sagital
Section
Splits left from right side - Think stegasauraus.
Coronal
Section
Also called frontal plane. Separates front from back.
A brain slice along the horizontal plane =
Axial
section
Ventral
= Bottom
Posteria
= Caudal (back)
Rostral =
Anterior
(front)
Gyri
(singular: gyrus) = Bumps
Sulci
= dips or folds in the brain
NEOCORTEX
= contains 6 cortical layers
Sylvian fissure = lateral dividing line between the frontal and temporal lobes
island of cortex buried underneath the temporal lobe =
Insula
Visual System. The primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17)
Amygdala
= detection of fearful or threatening stimuli
Disorders of the basal ganglia can be characterized as
Hypokinetic
Thalamus
= main sensory relay for most senses
The
hypothalamus
is primarily concerned with Regulation of the body
Inferior Colliculi
- Auditory
Cerebellum
- part of the hindbrain refered to as the 'little brain'.extensively damaged, can lead to deficits such as dysarthria and nystagmus.
Cerebrospinal fluid
-The fluid filling the brain’s ventricles
Neurotransmitters
GABA
- inhibitory affect on postsynaptic neurons.
Commissure
- a type of white matter tract that cross the midline, connecting the same cortical area in opposite hemispheres
CHAPTER 1
Which of the following researchers was the
first to describe the nerve cell
(in 1837)?
Purkinje
Descartes
suggested that the
mind and body interacted
at which gland, located at the center of the brain?
=
Pineal
Human Connectomics
- are more synaptic connections then there are DNA bases in the genome
One of the two
key assumptions of phrenology
?
= Different regions of the brain perform different functions
According to reductionism,
psychology should, in the end, reduce to what type of construct?
=
Biology
Broca
= Language
Psychology developed
as a true discipline at the end of
which century?
19th
In
Broadbent’s (1958) serial box-and-arrow model
of cognition what is the order of the components?
=
Perception, Attention, Short-term memory
Which term refers to the situation where
later stages of processing begin before earlier stages
are complete?
= Interactivity
The field of cognitive neuroscience has been relatively late in addressing which of the following topics?
= Consciousness
The responsiveness of a node in a computational model depends most directly on =
The weight of the connection to other nodes
Pinker and Prince (1988) criticized neural network models largely on the grounds that they often = Were capable of doing things that real brains could not
Dehaene et al. (2001) incorporated the presentation of visual noise in their paradigm in order to do which of the following = Test for cross-modal effects of reaction time
Which of the following techniques of cognitive neuroscience
does NOT have a temporal resolution
in the millisecond range? = fMRI
The term associated with
neuroscience methods
that are
linked to blood supply
to the brain are = Hemodynamic
n the familiar computer analogy of cognitive psychology, it is thought to be possible to understand information processing without understanding the =
Hardware
Who is credited with devising the (1983)
theory of modularity
? = Fodor
Single-cell recording
LECTURE 2
CHAPTER 6
Piagets Developmental Stages
1. Sensorimotor
- Birth to 2yrs - Object Performance
Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (
Object Permanence
).
They realise that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them (
Cause and Effect
)
2. Preoperational
- 2 to 7yrs - Symbolic Thought
Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use
words and pictures to represent objects.
Children at this stage tend to be
egocentric
and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
3. Concrete Operational
- 7 to 11yrs - Operational Thought
They begin to understand the
concept of conservation
; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example
Their
thinking
becomes more
logical and organized,
but still very concrete
4. Formal Operational
- Adolescence to Adulthood - Abstract Concepts
Abstract thought
emerges
Teens begin to think more about
moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues
that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
Gottlieb (1992) - Describes the bidirectional relationship between experience and brain structure/genes as
Probabilistic Development
Radial Glial Cells
- Radial glia are specialized cells in the developing nervous system of all vertebrates, and are characterized by long radial processes. These processes facilitate the best known function of radial glia: guiding the radial migration of newborn neurons from the ventricular zone to the mantle regions.
