CRIMINOLOGY Part 2 Understanding crime:
theories and concepts

6 Classicism and positivism

7 Biological positivism

8 Psychological positivism

9 Durkheim, anomie and strain

11 Interactionism and labelling theory

12 Control theories

13 Radical and critical criminology

14 Realist criminology

15 Contemporary classicism

16 Feminist criminology

17 Late modernity, governmentality and risk

Introduction

Classical criminology

Positivism and criminology

Beccaria

Jeremy Bentham

The impact of classicism

Defining positivism

Cesare Lombroso

Ferri and Garofalo

Charles Goring

Somatyping

The impact of positivism

Introduction

Genetic factors

Biochemical factors

Assessing biological positivism

Eugenics and ‘feeble-mindedness’

Twin studies

Adoption

Chromosomal anomalies

Genetics and offending

Central nervous system

ADHD and brain dysfunction

Neurotransmitters

Laterality

Autonomic nervous system

Hormones/testosterone

Nutrition

Introduction

Introduction

Psychoanalysis and crime

Learning theories

Bowlby and ‘maternal deprivation’

Differential association

Operant learning

Social learning theory

Rational choice

Routine activity theory

Cognitive theories

Yochelson and Samenow

Piaget, Kohlberg, moral development and offending

Eysenck’s biosocial theory

Intelligence and offending

Assessing psychological positivism

Durkheim and criminology

Later strain theory

Assessing strain theory

Durkheim and social change

Durkheim, suicide and anomie

Assessing Durkheim

Merton and anomie

Assessing Merton’s anomie theory

Anomie and the ‘American
dream’

Cloward and Ohlin

General strain theory

Messner and Rosenfeld

10 The Chicago School, subcultures and cultural criminology

Cultures and subcultures

Introduction

The Chicago School

Cultural criminology

Crime as culture

Culture as crime

A critique of cultural criminology

Media dynamics of crime
and control

Social ecology

Differential association

Chicago School and crime

Assessing the Chicago School

The zonal hypothesis

Shaw and McKay: cultural transmission

Chicago Area Project

Differential reinforcement

Albert Cohen

Cloward and Ohlin

David Matza

Subcultural theory

American subcultural theory

British subcultural theory

Assessing subcultural theory

Introduction

The emergence of labelling theory

Becker’s outsiders

Stigma

Self-fulfi lling prophecy

Deviancy amplification

Braithwaite and ‘shaming’

Assessing labelling theory

Primary and secondary deviance

Moral entrepreneurship

‘ Becoming a marijuana user’

Folk Devils and Moral Panics

Introduction

Reckless’s containment theory

Neutralisation and drift theory

Social bond theory

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime

Tittle’s control-balance theory

Assessing control theory

Inner containment

Drift

Four elements of the social bond

Testing social bond theory

Low self-control

Assessing the general theory of crime

Relating control-balance to crime

Introduction

Marx and Marxism

American radicalism

Radical criminology in Britain

Assessing radical criminology

Crime and the underdog

Willem Bonger

Vold and criminalisation

Austin Turk

William Chambliss

From confl ict to peacemaking

The new criminology

Contemporary radical criminology

Zemiology and social harm

Teleology

Determinism

Idealism

Introduction

Left realism

Right realism

The critique of ‘left idealism’

The nature of left realism

What Is To Be Done about Law & Order?

Left realism and method

Assessing left realism

Thinking about Crime

Distinguishing left and right realism

Wilson and Herrnstein

Murray and the ‘underclass’

Assessing right realism

Introduction

Rational choice theory

Routine activity theory

Situational crime prevention

Crime science

Assessing contemporary classicism

Clarke and Cornish

Bounded rationality

Crime scripts

Routine activity and crime trends

Routine activity theory elaborated

Defensible space and problem-oriented policing

Crime and opportunity

Problem-oriented policing

Introduction

Early criminology and the female offender

Development of modern feminist criminology

Contemporary feminist criminology

Assessing feminist criminology

Lombroso and Ferrero

W.I. Thomas and Otto Pollak

Sociological criminology and the continued invisibility of women

Female emancipation and crime

Carol Smart and feminist criminology

Understanding women’s involvement in crime

Women, prison and punishment

The nature of women’s imprisonment

Criminalisation of women

A feminist methodology?

Feminist victimology

The transition to late modernity

Foucault and governmentality

Risk and the new culture of control

Assessing governmentality, the new penology and risk

Surveillance

Changes in property relations

A new regulatory state?

Discipline and Punish

Governmentality theory

The dispersal of discipline

The discipline of Disney World

Garland and The Culture of Control

Risk, crime and criminal justice

Governmentality

The new penology

Risk