CRIMINOLOGY Part 2 Understanding crime:
theories and concepts
6 Classicism and positivism
7 Biological positivism
8 Psychological positivism
9 Durkheim, anomie and strain
11 Interactionism and labelling theory
12 Control theories
13 Radical and critical criminology
14 Realist criminology
15 Contemporary classicism
16 Feminist criminology
17 Late modernity, governmentality and risk
Introduction
Classical criminology
Positivism and criminology
Beccaria
Jeremy Bentham
The impact of classicism
Defining positivism
Cesare Lombroso
Ferri and Garofalo
Charles Goring
Somatyping
The impact of positivism
Introduction
Genetic factors
Biochemical factors
Assessing biological positivism
Eugenics and ‘feeble-mindedness’
Twin studies
Adoption
Chromosomal anomalies
Genetics and offending
Central nervous system
ADHD and brain dysfunction
Neurotransmitters
Laterality
Autonomic nervous system
Hormones/testosterone
Nutrition
Introduction
Introduction
Psychoanalysis and crime
Learning theories
Bowlby and ‘maternal deprivation’
Differential association
Operant learning
Social learning theory
Rational choice
Routine activity theory
Cognitive theories
Yochelson and Samenow
Piaget, Kohlberg, moral development and offending
Eysenck’s biosocial theory
Intelligence and offending
Assessing psychological positivism
Durkheim and criminology
Later strain theory
Assessing strain theory
Durkheim and social change
Durkheim, suicide and anomie
Assessing Durkheim
Merton and anomie
Assessing Merton’s anomie theory
Anomie and the ‘American
dream’
Cloward and Ohlin
General strain theory
Messner and Rosenfeld
10 The Chicago School, subcultures and cultural criminology
Cultures and subcultures
Introduction
The Chicago School
Cultural criminology
Crime as culture
Culture as crime
A critique of cultural criminology
Media dynamics of crime
and control
Social ecology
Differential association
Chicago School and crime
Assessing the Chicago School
The zonal hypothesis
Shaw and McKay: cultural transmission
Chicago Area Project
Differential reinforcement
Albert Cohen
Cloward and Ohlin
David Matza
Subcultural theory
American subcultural theory
British subcultural theory
Assessing subcultural theory
Introduction
The emergence of labelling theory
Becker’s outsiders
Stigma
Self-fulfi lling prophecy
Deviancy amplification
Braithwaite and ‘shaming’
Assessing labelling theory
Primary and secondary deviance
Moral entrepreneurship
‘ Becoming a marijuana user’
Folk Devils and Moral Panics
Introduction
Reckless’s containment theory
Neutralisation and drift theory
Social bond theory
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime
Tittle’s control-balance theory
Assessing control theory
Inner containment
Drift
Four elements of the social bond
Testing social bond theory
Low self-control
Assessing the general theory of crime
Relating control-balance to crime
Introduction
Marx and Marxism
American radicalism
Radical criminology in Britain
Assessing radical criminology
Crime and the underdog
Willem Bonger
Vold and criminalisation
Austin Turk
William Chambliss
From confl ict to peacemaking
The new criminology
Contemporary radical criminology
Zemiology and social harm
Teleology
Determinism
Idealism
Introduction
Left realism
Right realism
The critique of ‘left idealism’
The nature of left realism
What Is To Be Done about Law & Order?
Left realism and method
Assessing left realism
Thinking about Crime
Distinguishing left and right realism
Wilson and Herrnstein
Murray and the ‘underclass’
Assessing right realism
Introduction
Rational choice theory
Routine activity theory
Situational crime prevention
Crime science
Assessing contemporary classicism
Clarke and Cornish
Bounded rationality
Crime scripts
Routine activity and crime trends
Routine activity theory elaborated
Defensible space and problem-oriented policing
Crime and opportunity
Problem-oriented policing
Introduction
Early criminology and the female offender
Development of modern feminist criminology
Contemporary feminist criminology
Assessing feminist criminology
Lombroso and Ferrero
W.I. Thomas and Otto Pollak
Sociological criminology and the continued invisibility of women
Female emancipation and crime
Carol Smart and feminist criminology
Understanding women’s involvement in crime
Women, prison and punishment
The nature of women’s imprisonment
Criminalisation of women
A feminist methodology?
Feminist victimology
The transition to late modernity
Foucault and governmentality
Risk and the new culture of control
Assessing governmentality, the new penology and risk
Surveillance
Changes in property relations
A new regulatory state?
Discipline and Punish
Governmentality theory
The dispersal of discipline
The discipline of Disney World
Garland and The Culture of Control
Risk, crime and criminal justice
Governmentality
The new penology
Risk