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International History of the 20th century Chapter 2 - Coggle Diagram
International History of the 20th century Chapter 2
features of stable international systems
formation of a stable security community of states which share common values and goals
hegemony and deterrence
Terms
self-determination
The idea that each national group has the right to establish its own national state.
It is most often associated with the tenets of Wilsonian internationalism
and became a key driving force in the struggle to end imperialism
Bolsheviks
Originally in 1903 a faction led by Lenin within the Russian Social Democratic Party
over time the Bolsheviks became a separate party and led the October 1917 revolution in Russia.
After this ‘Bolsheviks’ was used as a shorthand to refer to the Soviet government and communists in general.
The Russian Communist Party
Concert of Europe
The nineteenth-century European system of regulation of international affairs by the Great Powers.
monopoly capitalism
that controls too much
collective security
The principle of maintaining peace between states by mobilizing international opinion to condemn aggression.
It is commonly seen as one of the chief purposes of international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations.
League of Nations
An international organization established in 1919 by the peace treaties that ended the First World War.
Its purpose was to promote international peace through collective security and to organize conferences on economic and disarmament issues.
It was formally dissolved in 1946
Weimar Republic
The German parliamentary democracy that existed between November 1918 and January 1933.
Attacked from both the Right and the Left of the political spectrum, it never won the loyalty of the majority of Germans.
Versailles Treaty
The treaty that ended the Allied state of hostilities with Germany in 1919, June 28.
It included German territorial losses, disarmament, a so-called war guilt clause and a demand that reparations be paid to the victors.
Phrases
Lenin’s was not the only ideological voice to be heard
as I understand it
Worse still for Russia
Revolutionary solution
Personalities and Pol. Organizations
Woodrow Wilson
peace without victory
American President, liberal
aimed to reform the international system through the exercise of American power at the top.
His 'new diplomacy’ was a combination of realism and idealism, though not always in equal measures
According to him, the war had been caused by an anarchical and lawless system of states which had brought about a frantic search for security through the stockpiling of armaments.
Wilson had labelled Germany an almost irremediably militaristic state.
If Germany and its allies won, he had reasoned, the United States would be forced to transform itself into a heavily armed garrison state in which liberties would be crushed by militarization
Wilson's Fourteen Points or ‘new diplomacy
A speech made by the American president Woodrow Wilson on 8 January 1918 in which he set out his vision of the post-war world.
It included references to open diplomacy, self-determination and a post-war international organization
1- Collective security and 2- self-determination were Wilson’s binding themes.
3- open covenants openly arrived at
‘4- freedom of the seas’
5-the removal of economic barriers
6-the reduction of armaments
7-the foundation of a League of Nations.
8-Belgium would be restored
9-Poland made independent
10- Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
11- Italy’s frontiers redrawn along national lines.
12- the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires would be forced to grant autonomy to their subject peoples
13- German forces would also have to withdraw from Russi
8 January 1918.
14- impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
Wilson’s ‘new diplomacy’ confounded the battle-scarred British and French as much as Lenin’s. what united them was the craving for peace with victory
Lenin
Leader of the Bolsheviks
Decree on Peace
workers’ revolutions from below
Facts
the ‘old’ diplomatic instruments or old diplomacy
military alliances, secret treaties, balance-of-power politics
the triple stalemate
diplomatic, military and domestic political stalemate
Breakdown of stalemate at home front in Russia.
Tsar Nicholas 2 abdicated, ending tsarist regime in Russia.
The Provisional government and the Petrograd Soviet came to power--a dual authority.
Communists believe that forces of capitalism would lead to the ruin of capitalism itself. They are self-destructive forces. A great wave of workers’ revolutions would sweep away the bourgeois ruling classes, thus creating an enduring peace within a new international solidarity of workers’ states that would replace the pre-1914 world of imperial competition.
Decree on Peace
By Bolsheviks in November 1917, called for a general three-month armistice and a final peace settlement without annexations or indemnities.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918)
The Bolsheviks surrendered Poland, the Baltic States, Ukraine, Finland and the Caucasus, nominally as ‘independent’ states, but in fact as German satellites.
Russia lost sovereignty over a third of the former empire’s population, a third of its agricultural land and nearly 80 per cent of its iron and coal industry.
stripped Russia of its Great Power assets
Lenin, however, regarded the treaty as a temporary measure.
Peace with the Central Powers
peace with the Central Powers caused tension with Russia’s former Allies
As war developed inside Russia between counter-revolutionaries and the Bolsheviks, the Allies dispatched forces to intervene, at first to prevent stockpiles of Entente arms falling into German hands, and later to help bring down the Bolsheviks.
The need to defeat Germany and the American ambition to build a better world drove Washington into the Entente coalition.
ten million combatant deaths and twice that number maimed. T
The Armistice
Bulgaria requested an armistice. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey soon followed the Bulgarian lead.
Wilson excluded his Allies from the armistice talks with Germany.
The British and the Americans quarrelled over ‘freedom of the seas
1918
the Allies split on reparations
Wilson wanted Germany to make ‘restoration’ for civilian damage caused by the aggression of German forces on land, air and sea
Clemenceau and Lloyd George wished to make it clear that Germany was responsible for the wider costs of waging war.
On 11 November 1918 the armistice was finally concluded.
If the British and French intelligence services had known just how close Germany was to disintegration, then the politicians in London and Paris might have made the decision to ignore the Americans and advanced into Germany. As David French has speculated, ‘that might have had incalculable results for the subsequent history of Europe’.
the Paris Peace Conference, January 1919
the Council of Ten
At first, the Council of Ten dominated . t was composed of two members each from the major Allied Powers (Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States). The Council of Ten, however, proved unwieldy
the peace treaty with Germany (signed at Versailles on 28 June 1919)
the Council of Four
consisting of Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and, with the least influence, the Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando
From March to June 1919
from July 1919 to 1923, the lesser peace treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
The Paris peace fell well short of the just settlement
The ‘Big Three’ – Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George missed an opportunity to fashion a new and legitimate order
because the Europeans pursued narrow selfish interests, and because Clemenceau and Lloyd George either bamboozled Wilson or the whole exercise was one of supreme cynicism.
the foundation of the League of Nations.
To achieve his great mission of international reform, Wilson made this task his top priority.
unbridled military competition and balance-of-power politics had made war in 1914 inevitable
Some suggested that had a
permanent machinery for ‘crisis management’ and arbitration existed, then the First World War might have been prevented.
a standing organization for Great Power co-operation and consultation was seen as the key innovation for future international politics.
Radicals demanded the democratic control of foreign policy and a powerful world government
conservatives looked to some refinement of the old Concert of Europe.
Wilson publicly championed the radicals
The Covenant (or constitution) of the League of Nations
The Covenant obliged signatories to observe the rule of law in international affairs, to reduce armaments and to preserve the territorial integrity and independence of member states.
Members undertook to consider collective action against covenant-breakers
To promote open diplomacy, the League, based in Geneva, would consist of a Council and an Assembly, supported by a permanent secretariat
To prevent another 1914, international disputes would be subject to a three-month period of arbitration.his would allow time for cool-headed diplomacy and for ‘the public opinion of the world’ to mobilize for peace.
It described a system of Great Power management
, the Covenant contained ambiguities and contradictions:
the League would deter war by threatening covenant-breakers with universal war;
all members were equal, but the Great Powers would call the shots;
to function, the League required member states to abide by the Covenant without any binding obligation on them to do so, especially in disputes between the Great Powers
based on an Anglo-American draft.
the German settlement was the punitive one.
In the east, Germany ceded Posen and much of West Prussia to Poland (the ‘Polish corridor’)
the German port of Danzig was designated a free city under the League
The Rhineland would also be demilitarized
Lithuania seized the German port of Memel.
it did lose some 27,000 square miles of territory, 6.5–7 million inhabitants and 13.5 per cent of its economic potential.
Berlin also surrendered its colonies, overseas invest-ments and much of its merchant fleet.
the German navy was allowed a few obsolete ships;
Its official strength was limited to only 100,000 men.
the army was denied heavy weapons and aircraft
reparations
Article 232
required Germany to provide compensation for specified civilian damages.
Finally, instead of fixing a final figure in 1919, the Versailles Treaty only demanded an interim payment of 20 billion gold marks before 1 May 1921
Article 231
Germany and its allies accepted responsibility for the ‘aggression’ of 1914 and its consequences
the ‘war guilt’ clause
Versailles Treaty
The severity of Versailles cannot be blamed on any one Power
French security
The first was by permanently weakening Germany. The second was by seeking a lasting and mutually beneficial Franco-German accommodation. The third was by way of a security alliance with the United States and Britain.
France was offered Anglo-American Treaties of Guarantee against unprovoked German aggression.
Clemenceau, regarded the guarantees as the ‘keystone of European peace
For Clemenceau, French security was paramount, and that could only come in one of three ways.
The American Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles in November 1919
British adherence was conditional on America
Britain's role in reparations
British officials could not see that French security and Franco-German reconciliation were essential to peace
France needed Britain in order to feel secure against Germany.
Balance-of-power calculations such as this blocked British strategic empathy with France.
Britain pursued a balance-of-power policy – that is, with France cast in the role as the next European hegemon