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HASS mindmap sem2 year9 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the Westminster system has also been adopted in Canada and New Zealand. it includes the following
        
        a parliament (two chambers/houses, elected by the people to make laws of their behalf. all laws/ must be completed in a free and fair manor and by more than a majority.
        
        a sovereign (king, queen or governer general) to act as head of state and hold various powers including being required to give the final approval to all laws made. they also have an important cerimonial role (representing sounty at national and international events)
- - - - formal debates that are often televised
    - - what we read online, on tv, and hear on the radio. not all info is reported impartially
    - - experts measure public opinions of different parties and independents by taking polls. they are a good measure for politicians to monitor their performance
    - - parties can pay for advertising space on billboards, newspaper, websites, radio and TV.
    - - sometimes called lobby groups
        
        groups of organized individuals that will campaign on behalf of a certain issue.
    - - the vote may be influenced by short term issues that affect them personally.
    - - some voters vote for the same party no matter what. sometimes its because of how family votes.
- - - - house of reps
        
        where government is formed
      - senate
        
        origionally set up to protect the interests of the states
        
        12 senators per state, except for territories which have 2
    - - judiciary must be independent and impartial
  - - - lower house
        
        upper house
        
        governor general
        
        royal assent
        
        minister puts law into action
        
        becomes an Australian law
        
        first reading
        
        second reading
        
        committee (to learn more)
        
        second reading vote
        
        1 more item...
        
        first reading
        
        debate
        
        (optional) committee of professionals writes a report to give more information
        
        second reading + vote
        
        consideration in detail
        
        1 more item...
  - - - judge made law
      - statutory interpretation
      - becomes a common law
      - lower courts must follow precedent of higher courts
- - - - summary offence (minor crimes heard by a magistrate)
        
        eg. minor theft and minor traffic offences - eg. exceeding speed limit, driving an unregistered car etc.
      - indictable offences (serious crimes that require trial by a judge and jury)
        
        eg. murder, arson, dangerous driving causing death, serious violent assault, rape, drug trafficking's
    - - matters involving disputes between individuals over an alleged breach of rights.
        
        eg. negligence, defamation, contract law