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THE REPUBLICAN AGE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - At the Atlantic end, only the Gatun Locks used a volume of concrete sufficient to build a wall half a meter high across the United States.
        On May 20, 1913, two bulldozers met face to face in the middle of the Culebra Cut. In October of that year, the Gatún tug made the first test crossing.
        
        Despite the colossal nature of the work, the construction of the Panama Canal was completed ahead of schedule, and cost less than expected: a total of US $ 400 million at the time.
        Finally, on August 15, 1914, the Ancón ship officially inaugurated the road that, since then, has separated the earth and unites the world. A journey of 82 kilometers long, whose crossing takes an average of nine hours, which shortens, for example, by more than 7,000 kilometers the distance between London and Tokyo.
- - - - Then, the Revolutionary Board considered that the time had come to act. Right away, Bunau Varilla was cabled, who in his reply promised that the American warship Nashville would reach Colon in the next few days. That was the signal that the revolutionaries needed to know that the United States was on their side. The separatists had the assistance of the Colombia battalion, garrisoned in Panama, and led by Colonel
        Esteban Huertas, as well as with the members of the Fire Department. In reality, Huertas and his troops had been won over to the separatist cause by paying hefty bribes.
        
        Finally, on November 3, on the one hand, the Nashville of the United States Navy arrived in Colón, and on the other the Cartagena, on board of which came Generals Tobar and Amaya, in charge of the "Tiradores" battalion.
        
        On November 6, the United States de facto recognized the new Republic, when its consul in Panama was authorized to establish relations with the new government and on November 13 it did so de jure.
        Three days later, France joined in this recognition. Thus, the Republic of Panama was born to independent life. The heroes would quickly see that not everything was so easy.
- - - - When Amador, Boyd and Arosemena read the text already signed by Bunau Varilla, they were perplexed by such excessive concessions, but there was no going back.
        Fearful, Bunau Varilla, that the Provisional Board of Government would not ratify the Treaty, he immediately cabled him warning that as long as this document was not approved, the Republic of Panama was in danger of being reconquered by Colombia.
        Thus, it was convenient to ratify the Treaty immediately and return it to the United States in the same ship that would arrive at the port of Colón. The argument was effective, as the Board ratified the Treaty on December 2, without even translating it into Spanish.
- - - - Torrijos died in 1981 in a mysterious plane crash. The Panamanians recognize him the merit of having, under extremely difficult conditions, managed to make the United States sign a new agreement on the canal.
        
        General Noriega succeeded Torrijos as head of the National Guard. He was considered a man in the service of the United States, working after many years for the CIA.
        As is known, Bush, who had been head of the Yankee central, did not get pregnant in 1989 with legal subtleties or supposed rights of seniority at work. That year the presidential election had been held in Panama. The opposition was grouped around Guillermo Endara, who affirmed at the end of the scrutiny to be the winner. But under pressure from the National Guard, Francisco Rodríguez was appointed as president of the republic.
        
        On December 20, 1989, Bush after having lavishly toasted in Malta with Gorbachev celebrating the end of the cold war launched "Operation Just Cause".
        As for the opposition leader Guillermo Endara, he preferred the comfortable air conditioning of a Yankee military base - proof of the tranquility that reigned in the country and of the popular support that the North American invasion had - to be sworn in as president of the republic...
        Georges Bush imposed a president who in the seventies had created a company domiciled in Panama, whose partner was none other than General Manuel Contreras, head of General Pinochet's secret police ...
        Noriega was arrested by his former employers on January 3, 1990, and taken to the United States, where he was sentenced to 40 years in prison.
        In May 1994, Ernesto Pérez Valladares of the PRD (Partido Revolucionario Democrático), Noriega's party, triumphed in the elections.
        
        In May 1999, Mireya Moscoso, a faithful ally of the United States, was elected president of the republic. Interestingly, General Charles Wilheilm of the Southern Command publicly expressed at the same time his doubts about Panama's ability to maintain the security of the canal.
        A "Neutrality Treaty" was added to the Torrijos-Carter Treaty, according to which the US is authorized to intervene unilaterally since 2000 if they consider that the neutrality of the canal is in danger ...
- - - - "With conservative legislation derived from Colombia and a Constitution made precisely by the owners of houses and new landowners of the Isthmus, the rental relationship that was reborn as a result of the construction of the bodegones in the neighborhoods ... could not be more unequal. tenants were in a disastrous situation. "
- - - - That day, there was an indigenous congress in Río Azúcar and there it was decided not to let the woman go, so the shahila, on behalf of the community, sent a message to the police telling them not to go looking for her. The policemen ignored the message and sent that same night a commission of two colonial policemen and three indigenous policemen to Río Azúcar.
        When trying to stop some of the male relatives of the woman, the battle began and three inhabitants of the town died; two indigenous policemen and the others were fiercely wounded with machetes when they fled in a canoe. The corpses of the policemen were left in the water, tied to a pole embedded in the sand, until their relatives came to pick them up.
        
        Marsh was precisely the promoter of "independence". Upon his return to Panama in January 1925, he found a conflict between the police and indigenous people on the verge of breaking out, for which he requested the intervention of US military personnel from the Canal Zone, to exercise a protectorate, and drafted the Declaration of Independence and human rights of the Tule and Darien people. Marsh obtained the support of the US ambassador, who helped the Panamanian government sign a peace agreement that guaranteed the human and political rights of the Kunas.
        
        The situation worsened until February 12, 1925, when a Kuna congress was held in Ailigandí, where the main chiefs of 45 villages and tribes met. The discussions lasted 26 days and it was decided to proclaim the Republic of Tule, and the territorial limits were fixed.
        From this uprising a flag emerged, which was made by Waga Ebinkili (María Colman), granddaughter of the chief Simral Colman. It had a rectangular design with stripes. The center was red and with a swastika figure.
        
        On February 21, 10 days after the declaration of independence, in the middle of the Carnival festivities, the indigenous revolution was unleashed that lasted until February 27, which was led by Nele Kantule and Chief Colman.
        It is said that the indigenous rebels traveled in canoes from Ailigandí and Cartí with the purpose of attacking the headquarters of the National Police in Playón Chico, Río Tigre, Tigantikí, Narganá, Ukapa and other parts of the archipelago, and executed a large part of the police contingent. The balance was 27 dead.
        
        On March 4, with the presence of the US minister, John G. South, the peace agreement with the indigenous people was signed and they were promised better treatment respecting their customs; not imposing on them the establishment of schools, and they were assured the same protection and the same rights enjoyed by other citizens. The indigenous people, on the other hand, promised to lay down their arms, to withdraw the declaration of independence and to abide by the laws of Panama.