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THE DEPARTMENTAL AGE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Attentive, however, the Intendant to the orders of the Secretary of War and to the indications that the Liberator gave him from his headquarters, proceeded to organize with the native elements a cavalry regiment and a lucid 700-seater infantry corps. in which several young men from the main families of the Capital entered as officers.
        The "Istmo" battalion lent from its organization the service of the square, so as not to occupy with it the troops that, coming from the Departments of the Atlantic were heading to the South, some of which very soon attended the success of the battle of Pichincha (May 24.-1822) that opened the doors of Quito to General Sucre.
- - - - The Liberator highlighted the importance of Panama in several of his documents, as the Precursor Francisco de Miranda had done before. In addition, in the programs of the two leaders, the unity of Spanish America was a fundamental theme, seen as a single great nation.
        This is how the Meeting of Spanish-American Republics was instituted, with the assistance of observers from other nations, convened by Simón Bolívar from Lima on December 7, 1824, which was held in Panama City from June 22 to July 15, 1826 .
- - - - Gran Colombia no longer existed, Venezuela and Ecuador were independent countries, and the enthusiasm of being united to a country, in decline, like Colombia, and without the leadership of Simón Bolívar led us to suppose that belonging to the Republic of New Granada, it was unnecessary, thus creating separatist societies and parties in Panama.
      - Third attempt to separate Panama from Colombia The Exile of Herrera
        The Granada war of 1839 under the command of General José María Obando, who 10 years ago assassinated Sucre. Cauca was launched into armed struggle but the Isthmus did not want to enter into that armed conflict.
        Desisting from entering the war, a popular junta meeting in Panama was created on November 18, 1840, for the separation of Panama from Colombia, under the name of the State of the Isthmus, headed by Colonel Tomás Herrera, the economy of the Country, and the countries of Costa Rica and the United States recognized the new country. The nation lasted for three months, as Colonel Herrera gave up under the agreement not to undertake punishment against the isthmus secessionists. Colombia ignored this, and exiled Colonel Herrera, erasing him from the military ranks. Then he would return in the year 1845 as Governor of Panama.
        
        Fourth attempt to separate Panama from Colombia Freedom of slaves
        In 1850, General José Domingo Espinar, and Dr. E.A. Teller, editor of the newspaper "Panama Echo", planned the revolution for the early morning of September 29, 1850. Governor Obaldia did not agree with this separation since he saw the isthmus not yet ready to assume control of its destiny. Desisting the first to strike. Under the government of Obaldia, on January 1, 1852, all slaves on the Isthmus were left in absolute freedom.
- - - - Around 1850, when the work on the Trans-isthmian railway was started by the Stephens-Chauncey-Thatcher Company, and ended in January 1855, no one ever thought about the other routes again, for the iron road, with all the comforts, its speed and security to finish the crossing (two hours), made any competition unthinkable.
        In fact, it was the most lucrative business to be founded in Panama, with huge dividends on the New York Stock Exchange. (44%).
      - Migration to Panama City, faced with these possibilities for legitimate business, increased rapidly and the city, like Colón, on the Atlantic side, became large commercial emporiums.
        The Panama Railroad was always seen as a predecessor of the Canal, instead of appearing as an exclusive competition and this assertion was proven in its entirety, when the Panama Canal was inaugurated on August 15, 1914, with the perfect crossing by the Ancón steamship, after ten years of hard struggle and with the inclusive and successful development of both companies.
        The California mines and their impact on the universe also marked, in our country, several years later, a favorable turn in the separatist attempts of the Panamanians, because they demonstrated that we could be a country of transit and service.
- - - - On July 15 of the same year, the Isthmian Convention met in Panama and was in charge of issuing the regulatory laws of the administration.
        Politically the State was divided into seven departments: Panama, Colón, Los Santos, Chiriquí, Coclé, Herrera and Fábrega (Veraguas).
        Because of this, a revolution broke out in Panama against Governor Guardia. The clash between the forces of the revolutionaries and the legitimacy took place on the banks of the Río Chico on August 19, 1862. In the field of struggle, the Governor of Panama died. He died at the young age of 33. He sacrificed himself for the sake of freedom.
        By the previously mentioned Union Pact and confirmed by the Constitution of 1863, called Río Negro, the Granada nation adopted the name of the United States of Colombia. The Departments were Sovereign States and their rulers received the title of Presidents.
- - - - Almost a year passed, and on December 10, 1880, more than 100,000 French - most of them salaried - and including 16,000 women, endorsed de Lesseps and subscribed more than twice the shares issued by the Compania Universal del Panama Canal.
        
        The appearance of Bunau Varilla, a young man recently graduated from the Polytechnic School of France, was not until 1884. Assigned to the works in La Culebra, he will work on them briefly without developing the experience that as a civil engineer he initially had in Africa and in your own country. The inclemency of the tropics takes a toll on his health so, sick, he must return to France.
        
        The construction of the French Channel dramatically increases its workforce to 17,615 workers, the highest in its history. Two years later, in February 1886, Ferdinand de Lesseps makes his second visit to Panama to inspect the works. That year, the workforce dropped to 14,935 men.
        On December 31 of that year, de Lesseps sent a cable from Paris in which he ordered the suspension of work on the road. Failure produces chaos and disorder: more than 14,000 men are laid off.
        Until 1889, the Universal Canal Company had invested some 88 million dollars in Paris and 160 million 800 thousand dollars in Panama.
        In 1982, after the scandal, the Courts took control of the assets of the de Lesseps company and authorized the formation of the New Panama Canal Company.
- - - - The Banco Nacional, the forerunner of the Banco de la República, began operations in 1881. Faced with the fiscal crisis facing the State, aggravated by the war of 1885 and the export crisis, Núñez chose to implement the paper banknote of forced acceptance ; the government reserved the emission right for itself, thus gaining independence from private lenders.
- - - - The peace treaties were signed at the Neerlandia hacienda on October 24, 1902, despite the fact that the fighting lasted until November of that year in Panama from the end of 1901 between the Almirante Padilla (liberal) and the Lautaro (Chilean-owned, expropriated by the conservatives), of which they were defeated in front of Panama City on January 20, 1902. With the death of General Carlos Alban, who was traveling in the Lautaro, the Isthmus of Panama is left without a representative and Don Aristides Arjona is named.
        
        The final peace treaty took place on the American battleship Winsconsin on November 21, 1902, where bipartisan representatives approved the end of the war with the approval of the central government.
- - - - The Wisconsin pact, as a whole with liberal defeatism, is, in practice, the materialization of American mediations for self-determination and also the basis on which the entire conspiracy is deployed against sectors of the people seeking new forms of combat.
        In 1925, this alliance between the interests of the dominant sectors and US imperialism crystallized. Pedro Prestán and Victoriano Lorenzo, are just two of the many Panamanian martyrs who in the struggle with imperialism have been betrayed by the conjunctural alliances with the social sectors that sought the expansion of capitalism in the Isthmus.
- - - - Shortly after the devastating news broke that the Treaty had been rejected, the Revolutionary Junta sent Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero to the United States.
        His mission was to request help from the US government to carry out the separatist movement, as well as the commitment that the new Republic would be recognized without delay. In New York, Amador Guerrero had to meet with William Nelson Cromwell who, as we have already pointed out, was the lawyer for the New Canal and Railroad Company, which would be his contact with the United States government.
        Cromwell was a man of great influence in the high political spheres of Washington and was willing to collaborate with Panamanians in order to save the investments of his clients.
        
        But once in New York, Cromwell did not receive Amador Guerrero, as he feared that the news of the separation would reach the ears of Colombia and that this nation would cancel the concession rights of its clients.
        Amador, then, puzzled and not knowing what to do, came into contact with the engineer Philippe Bunau Varilla who, for some years, had been determined that the United States adopt the Panama route.
        
        Bunau Varilla offered Amador Guerrero one hundred thousand dollars to organize the movement, while he promised to obtain diplomatic recognition and military support from the United States for the new Republic.
        He also gave him a model flag and a proclamation to be read when the separation was finalized. But in return he requested that he be appointed Minister Plenipotentiary of the new Republic, with the power to negotiate the new Canal Treaty with the United States, which would be signed after the secession.