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CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP TERM 3 - Coggle Diagram
CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP
TERM 3
6 Key Concepts
Justice
people should treat each other in a manner that is fair and balanced for all.
Participation
good citizens contribute or take part in society through activities such as voting in an election or referendum, serving in a jury, or paying taxes.
The Westminster System
a parliament system that consists of 2 chambers (houses), the members of these houses are elected by the people to make laws.
a sovereign (king, queen or governor general) the head of state has various powers and is required to give final approval on a law.
Rights and Responsibilities
refers to our entitlements and duties as citizens. for example, rights; freedom of religion, protection against discrimination, responsibilities; pay taxes, obeying the law.
Democracy
this is a system of government run by the people for the people. in Australia we have a representative democracy meaning we vote for representatives to make laws on our behalf.
Democratic Values
the beliefs and ideals held by our society as a democracy; respect, equality, fairness and freedom
Principles of Australian Government
Government must protect the rights and freedoms of individuals
we must have laws that; protect broad rights to freedom of speech, assembly and expression, limits offensive or indecent behaviours
Government makes laws that reflect the views and values of the people
we have a representative democracy meaning the government have to make laws that reflect our; views, values and moral standards.
this is upheld by free and fair elections, Australia also has a compulsory voting system (all citizens over 18 must vote in state and federal elections)
Government must be accountable
responsible government: government must able to justify their actions and decisions
this is upheld by parliamentary question time you can also email or get in contact with your local member of parliament.
Separation of powers
no single group or body within our parliamentary system has power of both political and legal system. in Australia the three main powers are; executive, legislative and judiciary
Separation of powers
no single group or body within our parliamentary system has power of both political and legal system.
this policy ensures that one political group cannot have full control of how a country is run. no dictatorship can form.
in Australia we have 3 separations of power these are
executive: they have the power to administer the law
legislative: they have the power to make the laws
judiciary: they have the power to interpret and apply the laws
these three powers are separate and equal to each other.
executive
consists of governor general, prime minister and senior minister.
legislative
consists of the house of representatives and the senate
judiciary
consists of high courts and federal courts
Australia vs. Indonesia government systems
structure of national parliament
Indonesia
2 houses
people's consultative assembly (lower)
560 members
regional representatives council (upper)
132
head of state; President
Australia
bicameral system 2 houses
house of representatives (lower house)
151 members
senate (upper house)
76 members
head of state: English monarch (queen represented by the governor general)
levels of government
Indonesia
national: make laws that apply to the whole nation
provincial: make laws that apply to each province
district: make laws that apply to each city
Australia
State: make laws that apply to that state
local: responsible for services in local areas
federal: make laws that apply to the whole nation
similarities
both have 2 houses however in Indonesia a law does not have to pass through both houses
both are representative democracies, representatives are elected to make laws on behalf of the people
both have a separation of power
both have 3 levels of government that do similar things
type of government
Australia
representative democracy. government run by the people for the people. representatives are elected to make laws on behalf of the people. head of state is the queen
Indonesia
Indonesia has a representative democratic republic. this means that representatives are elected to make laws and decisions on behalf of the public. it also means that the head of state (person who administers the law and gives final approval) is a president, someone elected by the people.
differences
in Indonesia the power to administer is held solely by the president
Indonesia is a republic and Australia is a monarch
the amount of members in each house is also different
in Indonesia a bill doesn't have to be approved by both houses
history
Indonesia
the dutch ruled over Indonesia for 300 yrs, then in 1942 the Japanese invaded and took government control. finally in 1945 Japan surrendered control and Indonesia was able to set up a small temporary government.
Australia
in 1788 the first British fleet arrived in Australia, from then Britain established 6 colonies which had their own parliaments and separate laws. on the first of January 1901 these 6 colonies decided to federate, this meant that all of Australia would fall under one government.
separation of powers
Australia
3 separate powers
legislative: power to make laws
executive: implement laws
judiciary: apply and interpret laws
Indonesia
3 separate powers
national, provincial &district: make laws
president: administer law
courts &judges: apply and interpret law
United Nations (UN)
commitments
International peace and security
Creating friendships between nations
Helping nations work together to support poor people, reduce hunger and disease, promote literacy
Promote rights and freedom for all
type of work UN carries out
Provides food to 90 million people in 75 countries
Vaccinates 58% of the world’s children, saving 2.5million lives a year
Assists over 34 million refugees and people fleeing war or famine
Fights poverty, helping over 370 million rural poor achieve better lives
Protects and promotes human rights
general info
An organisation that promotes international cooperation.
They work to bring all nations of the world together, focusing on human rights and international justice
General assembly – where member nations to discuss issues and problems of global importance
Created in 1945
193 members
Australia
One of the first 51 countries to become member in 1945
Australia is not a powerful nation compared to other nations
Allows for Australia to have a voice in international affairs
Helps Australia protect its own economic and security interests
foreign aid
Foreign aid is assistance in the form of money, skills or other resources transferred from one country to another, mainly for humanitarian reasons.
Aid may be given to alleviate poverty and help create better living standards for communities worldwide
peacekeeping
Assists countries that have been torn apart by conflict
Includes
maintaining peace and security in a region
protecting civilians – civilians are those who are not on active duty with the military, navy, police or firefighting organisations
overseeing elections
disarming those who were involved in fighting – for example, controlling and disposing of weapons
protecting and promoting human rights
restoring rule of law to a region, meaning that legal institutions including the government, police, courts and prisons are strengthened and are accountable for their actions
human rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (referred to as the Universal Declaration) was adopted by the United Nations in 1945 and is considered to be the basis of international human rights law. Australia helped create this
Some rights included in this are:
All people are born free and equal.
Everyone is entitled to the same rights and freedoms.
Everyone has the right to life.
No one should be subject to torture or slavery.
Everyone is equal before the law.
No one should be subject to randomly being arrested, detained or exiled
environment
Australia has a national and international responsibility to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to avert the effects of climate change
Australia has been involved in many international agreements that serve to protect the environment.
Threats to Australia's Democratic System
media bias and voting
Democratic system relies on individuals being able to make an informed decisions about which political party would make laws best reflecting their views
Voters gain information from the media
It is essential that the media present impartial and unbiased information especially in the lead-up to elections.
influence of those with vested interest
Wealthy individuals and large corporations have been able to have a disproportionate amount of influence over government policy. By making large donations to parties who benefit their interests.
E.g., Charles Bass (co- founder of large mining company) donated $200 000 to liberals. Philip Morris (tobacco company) donated to the liberals because of tobacco packaging.
organised crime
Criminal groups and networks that undertake very carefully planned criminal activities
Threatens national security and safety of citizens
Costs economy $15 million per year
e.g.: Drug trafficking, trafficking of weapons, human trafficking
corruption
The immoral abuse of power for personal gain, is another factor that threatens democracies all around the world
Australia is viewed as having one of the least corrupt public or government sectors in the world. However, our ranking has dropped in the last five years due to an increase in corruption, bribery and fraud in various organisation.
lawlessness
Generally associated with gangs who act in an unruly and sometimes violent manner with no regard for the law.
Increased number of young gangs over recent year
Involved in street violence, vandalism and organised crime
corruption perceptions index
Is an index that ranks countries “by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as determined by experts’ assessments and opinion surveys” the CPI generally defines corruption as an “abuse of entrusted powers for private gain”
The higher the score the less corrupt. The lower the score the more corruption.
New Zealand highest with 88 and Somalia lowest with 12
Marine Animals in Captivity
dolphins
causes
the Taiji dolphin dives, this is one of the biggest causes to dolphin capture and slaughter because Taiji is known to be one of the largest global dolphin suppliers, this include live dolphins for shows and dolphin meat
entertainment industry is another major cause to the captivity of dolphins, the industry will capture live young dolphins and trap them in concrete pools where they will spend the rest of their lives.
impacts
there are many unnatural behaviours that dolphins demonstrate as a result of captivity, these are; loss of appetite, ulcers, poking their heads above the water. beaching themselves as part of shows and indicating/vocalising for food
suffer from stress-related illnesses which could lead to their death.
current solutions
removing dolphins from marine parks.
Japan’s animal protection law (the Animal Welfare and Management Act) says you cannot inflict undue cruelty or injury to an animal
Culling standards state that animals must be made unconscious before being killed
international marine mammal project helped close or prevent the construction of numerous dolphinariums globally and supports the efforts to create a permanent seaside rehabilitation facility.
suggestions for the future
taking animals out of captivity
supporting organisations such as whale and dolphins conservation.
protest to put pressure on governments
whales
causes
the entertainment industry
whale meat market
demand for whale entertainment
impacts
dying at a young age from infections and other health conditions
skin problems and stress
collapsed dorsal fins, also prone to attacking trainers and the general public.
solutions
Some marine parks like Sea World have stopped their killer whale breeding program in certain locations which means the orcas that still live would be the last generation.
anti-whaling acts, banning commercial whaling in many countries across the globe including Australia.
The Whale Sanctuary Project is working towards the rehabilitation of current captives so they can learn to live in seaside sanctuaries since they are incapable of living freely on their own.
futures suggestion
creating sanctuaries for captive whales to be rehabilitated, these sanctuaries would be sea pens or netted-off bays or coves, in temperate to cold water natural habitats.
keep people away from these sanctuaries.
safeguards to Australian democracy
People elect the government
each state, territory and federal parliament is elected by the people
Compulsory voting means our government have the support of majority of the people
The right to dissent
Individuals have the right to oppose or disagree with the views held by the government
Freedom of speech and freedom of assembly allow us to protest without fear of punishment
Processes to resolve differences
To keep peace, processes exist to help groups or individuals resolve their problems or disputes
Process can be in formal setting (courts) or informal domestic setting:
• Negotiation – where parties get together and try to discuss the key issue in their dispute to reach a settlement between them
• Mediation – parties meet with an independent third party who helps them discuss issues and reach a mutual resolution
• Reconciliation – process of renewing a relationship between parties, usually required forgiveness
Governments uphold our shared values
Main feature of democracy is that our parliament makes and enforces laws that protect our shared values so that all citizens are treated equally
The laws protect our right to: a fair trial, basic health care and education, life and security