Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

THE COLONIAL AGE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Firstly, the so-called Laws of Burgos, sanctioned on December 27, 1512, are observed, which arise from the Crown's concern over the reports of Dominican fathers about the continuous mistreatment of indigenous people.
        Fernando de Aragón el Católico ordered the formation of a board of theologians and jurists, in order to find a solution to the problem. Although the members of the junta advocated the deserved freedom of the Indians and their humane treatment, they also determined that they should be subject to Spanish regulations, so that the evangelization process could be expedited.
        
        The New Laws arise as a result of the controversy caused by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, who publicly denounced the humiliations of which the natives were victims because of the Indiana Encomienda. These laws are promulgated in Barcelona on November 20, 1542, at the request of Emperor Charles V. However, their application caused great conflicts in the viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru.
- - - - FRANCISCO PEREZ DE ROBLES, in his capacity as President of the Audiencia, replaced Governor PEDRO VÁSQUEZ DE ACUÑA in the colonial government. His administration lasted until 1543, when the Audiencia de los Confines (Guatemala) was created and the extinction of the one in Panama was ordered.
        
        PEDRO RAMIREZ DE QUIÑONES, who served as Resident Judge in the process against FRANCISCO PEREZ DE ROBLES, assumed command of the Isthmus with the title of Corregidor de Panamá and Nombre de Dios. Its authority was subject to the authority of the Audiencia de los Confines.
        
        In 1563 the Crown issued a Royal Decree ordering the extinction of the Audiencia of Guatemala and transferring it to Panama. To this end, it was ordered that LOPE GARCIA DE CASTRO take the appropriate measures.
        
        The Royal Court was finally able to re-establish itself in Panama on May 15, 1565, for which Doctor MANUEL BARRIOS DE SAN MILLAN was appointed as Provisional President, until the arrival of the holder, Mr. ALONSO ARIAS DE MALDONADO.
        The jurisdiction of the Royal Court of Panama, included from the port of Buenaventura (Colombia) to the Gulf of Fonseca (Nicaragua).
        
        The Audiencia of Panama was again suppressed in 1718 due to the misconduct of its members, leaving the Isthmus under the authority of the Viceroy and the Audiencia of Peru. As this measure caused a situation of misrule, by Royal Decree of July 21, 1722, this corporation was reestablished.
        
        Finally, for reasons of economy in government expenditures in Tierra Firme (Panama), by means of a Certificate of June 20, 1751, the Crown ordered the definitive extinction of the Royal Court of Panama, establishing a military government that depended on the Viceroyalty of the New Granada (Colombia) and the Royal Court of Santafé de Bogotá. For such purposes, the General Command of Tierra Firme was created in Panama.
- - - - The system caused controversies in the Court, especially due to the voices of denunciation of people like Fray BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS.
        The Council of the Indies in 1529, analyzed the point, expressing a criterion against it due to the abuse and mistreatment to which the natives were subjected by the encomenderos. Similarly, he concluded that the Indian was a free being, so his freedom should be respected.
        
        Finally, the Emperor CARLOS V ordered the abolition of the encomienda system due to the abuses that originated and the penalties suffered by the indigenous people.
        In Panama, Governor SANCHO DE CLAVIJO issued a provision in which he reiterated the provisions taken in a Royal Decree of 1549, where the New Laws were ordered to be put into practice, thus suppressing the encomienda system in Panama.
        
        With the arrival in Peru in 1544 of Viceroy BLASCO NUÑEZ VELA, who was to found the Audiencia of Lima and comply with the Royal Decree of abolition of the institution, the encomenderos, led by GONZALO PIZARRO, FRANCISCO's brother, rose up against the Crown , with the intention of subtracting the territory of Peru from the royal authority. Captured the Viceroy by the rebel forces, he manages to escape heading north to organize an army to fight the encomenderos.
- - - - Once PIZARRO managed to defeat and kill Viceroy BLASCO NUÑEZ DE LA VELA, in 1546 he dispatched General PEDRO ALONSO DE HINOJOSA to Panama.
        On this occasion, Mr. PEDRO DE RIVERA, who ruled the Isthmus on behalf of the Royal Audience of the Confines, put up resistance.
        However, he manages to take the port of Ancón, occupying the city peacefully. Unlike BICHACAO, General HINOJOSA achieves the collaboration of the residents of Panama and some authorities in the government of the Isthmus.
        
        Once Peru was reorganized, GONZALO PIZARRO was beheaded. The abolition of the encomienda system not only caused an uprising in Peru.
        The brothers HERNANDO and PEDRO CONTRERAS, grandsons of Governor PEDRARIAS DAVILA, also rebelled in Nicaragua. After assassinating the Bishop of León ANTONIO VALDIVIESO ALVAREZ Y CALVANTE, defender of the indigenous people, and looting the cities of Granada and Nicoya, they went to Panama, once they had knowledge that Commissioner PEDRO DE LA GASCA was crossing Panama in order to go to Spain with a great booty.
        
        In the early morning hours of April 20, 1550, the CONTRERAS brothers, commanding 200 men, managed to take the city of Panama which did not offer resistance, since most of the soldiers accompanied Governor SANCHO CLAVIJO and the Degree from LA GASCA in the Name of God.
        The CONTRERAS committed great outrages to the Panamanian population, where they even tied the Bishop of Panama, PABLO TORRES, to a post in the main square.
        ERNANDO CONTRERAS arranged to pursue DE LA GASCA, while PEDRO remained in command of Panama City. The residents of this city armed themselves and fought against the insurgents. HERNANDO drowned while trying to cross a river. PEDRO, for his part, was on a ship, jumped ashore, and went into the mountains. There was never news of his end, if he suffered from hunger or at the hands of the natives.
- - - - In 1548 there was a flight of black slaves, who organized a government and recognized a slave named BAYANO as king. Similarly, another group in 1549, which was headed by FELIPILLO, organized in the Gulf of San Miguel.
        
        Captain CARREÑO manages to apprehend BAYANO, whom he leads to Nombre de Dios, where ALVARO DE SOSA, President of the Royal Court of Panama tries to attract the maroons to the royal authority, for which they sign an agreement. Once free, BAYANO continued his confrontation with the Spanish.
        On this occasion, Captain PEDRO DE URSUA, in command of an expedition of 200 men, faces the rebellious slaves, whom he manages to defeat. BAYANO is captured and sent to Seville, where he is assigned an income by the Crown.
- - - - At the end of 1515, the Governor PEDRO ARIAS DE AVILA, founded Acla, a port on the north coast of the Isthmus. In this place the Adelantado VASCO NUÑEZ DE BALBOA was tried and beheaded.
        It was abandoned in 1532. Likewise, during the PEDRADRIAS administration, the populations of Santa Cruz were established in the lands of POCOROSA and Los Anades, in the territory of TUBANAMA. Both were founded by JUAN DE AYORA, Lieutenant of the Governor.
        
        On August 15, 1519, on the Solemnity of Our Lady of the Assumption, PEDRARIAS DAVILA founded Panama City, which, according to chroniclers of the colonial era, rivaled in wealth with Lima and Mexico, both seats of the greatest viceroyalties in America.
        An expedition led by GASPAR DE ESPINOZA, reached the lands of the chief NATA. In that place, he arranged to found a town, which was destroyed by the natives in 1531. Other conquerors such as HERNAN PONCE and BARTOLOME HURTADO toured the Chirican lands, where they founded the town of Fonseca, which did not survive.
- - - - In 1578, FRANCIS DRAKE, reached the Pacific Ocean where he attacked the populations in Chile and Peru. Near Panama, he captured the ship San Juan de Antón, which was carrying a valuable cargo.
        He diverted his journey in the direction of Mexico, California and then the Philippines, becoming the first Briton to reach England by way of Cape Good Hope, going around the globe. For this feat, Queen ELIZABETH, of the TUDOR house, confers on him the title of Sir (Knight).
        
        On January 6, 1596, the enemy squad took the town of Nombre de Dios. DRAKE entrusted THOMAS BASKERVILLE with the capture of Panama City, however, the President and Captain General of Tierra Firme (Panama) took the appropriate security arrangements, managing to defeat the pirates in the Capira area. The filibusters defeated, they returned to Nombre de Dios.
        DRAKE fell ill during the campaign and died on February 7, 1596 when his fleet entered the bay of Portobelo. His remains were thrown into the sea in a lead box.
- - - - With the ransom assembled, MORGAN withdrew, but in less than three years, he returned and fulfilled his promise to retrieve his pistol, taking Panama City.
        With the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, England obtained the concession to send a 600-ton ship to the fairs of Portobelo, in order to introduce merchandise into Hispanic America. Nonetheless, pirates like EDWARD VERNON continued to attack Portobelo.
        When the hostility between the kingdoms of England and Spain ended in the 18th century, commercial navigation through Cape Horn, at the southern tip of the continent, became safe. Although the route through the Isthmus of Panama was shorter, it was preferred to go around the continent, which led to the decline of Portobelo.
- - - - The European governments issued "marquees" to pirates, which caused the emergence of "corsairs", who sailed under the flag of the government that protected them.
        Queen Elizabeth I of England granted this patent to her subjects, while in France, Kings Francisco I and Henry II did the same, in exchange for a percentage of the loot captured.
        
        The first pirates and corsairs (French and English) who attacked the Isthmus did so at the mouth of the Chagres River and in Nombre de Dios, limiting themselves only to attacking Spanish ships.
        The first invasion to the mainland was carried out by Francis Drake, on the night of July 9, 1572, when with 50 men he attacked Nombre de Dios, failing in the attempt. However, he landed in the Gulf of San Blas, where with the help of the Maroons, on January 31, 1573, he set the town of Cruces on fire. In May of that year, he managed to capture the royal treasure that came from Peru.
        In 1578, Francis Drake, reached the Pacific Ocean where he attacked the populations in Chile and Peru. Near Panama, he captured the ship San Juan de Antón. He diverted his journey in the direction of Mexico, California and then the Philippines, becoming the first British to reach England via the Cape of Good Hope, circling the globe. For this feat, Queen Elizabeth I confers on him the title of Sir (Knight).
        
        On January 6, 1596, the corsair forces took the town of Nombre de Dios. Drake entrusted Thomas Baskerville with the capture of Panama City, however, the President and Captain General of Tierra Firme (Panama) took the appropriate security arrangements, managing to defeat the pirates in the Capira area. The filibusters defeated, they returned to Nombre de Dios.
        Drake fell ill during the campaign and died on February 7, 1596 when his fleet entered the bay of Portobelo. His remains were thrown into the sea in a lead box.
- - - - The declared fire for unknown reasons turned the stored silks and spices to ashes. The assailants camped for 28 days torturing civilians to find hidden riches. When they decided to leave, Panama was reduced to ashes and had to be completely rebuilt two years later.
        The loot turned out to be only 200 pieces of eight per pirate. Before the threatening Spanish reaction Carlos II lodged him in a comfortable temporary prison and later appointed him knight and governor of Jamaica.
- - - - The San Felipe neighborhood was architecturally designed according to the model of the time, the chess board, with 3 main streets in the sense of the parallels, 7 streets in the direction of the meridians and 2 short alleys, with a total of 38 blocks, distributed between the church, the aristocracy and the businesses.
        This neighborhood of Panama City, until the first quarter of the twentieth century, continued to house the most ancestral families and the most prosperous businesses.
        Today, given the growth of the city towards the outskirts and with it the migration of these families to other more elegant neighborhoods, it is in decline and houses a population of socially marginalized, but still it continues to preserve its majesty seen in the colonial churches and buildings, living testimony of the different periods of economic boom that this part of the capital city witnessed.
- - - - In the seven months and days that they remained on the site, after the first installation activities and the agreements made with the sympathetic aborigines, the occupation of the settlers concentrated on caring for the sick, cleaning and preparing the land, cutting off trees, construction of huts, warehouses, cabins or huts and warehouses, diligences on the coast to obtain more supplies, construction of trenches and installation of defenses, efforts to achieve communication with the company, surveillance of the military movements of the Spanish, to waiting for reinforcements for the greater defense of the seat and in the administrative organization, for which the Council issued, in April 1699, thirty-four Rules and Ordinances of the Government of the Colony, most of which are attributed to Patterson, civil, criminal and administrative, which contemplated, among others, freedom of worship and the death penalty. Although the first one had been issued in December 1698, they were not carried out further or complied with by the pioneers.
- - - - The new nation saw the light, but it had no budget to continue the independence adventure, Bishop Durán donates to the new Panamanian government $ 60,000 taken from various properties of the Church due to the little military armament that was available and the insecurity of being Reconquered by Spain, Panama takes a hasty measure and that later would cost them more than enough, it joined the Great Colombia of Simón Bolívar.
        Without knowing that on November 30, 1821 the war frigates Test and Vengeance would arrive at the Bay of Panama accompanied by Marshal Murgeón to search for the rest of the Spanish troops anchored in Panama, and not to reincorporate the new nation to the Spanish Empire. Panamanians believed that they were coming in war and citizenship, take up arms to defend the Bay of Panama.
- - - - Colonel José de Fábrega is designated as head of the Government of Castilla del Oro or the mainland; Panamanian by birth who, upon the consummation of the separatist movement, continues as supreme chief of the Isthmus.
        Before, on November 10, 1821, a popular separatist agreement in the Canton of Los Santos had spontaneously supported by the Pesé authorities and Natá became independent. These and other circumstances being the ones that originated the Isthmus separation from the Spanish yoke.
        Bolívar sent his famous letter to Colonel José de Fábrega where he congratulated him and urged him to continue. Panamanians immediately joined the Bolivarian dream called Gran Colombia voluntarily.