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Civics + Citizenship - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Equality
      - Fairness & Freedom
      - Respect
  - - - Duties or things that we should do, in order to be a good citizen .
    - - Freedoms we have that are protected by our laws.
- - - - Most voters gain information from media.
    - - Democratic system relies on individuals being able to make informed decisions about which political party would make laws that best reflect their views and values.
    - - It is essential that the media present impartial and unbiased information, especially in the lead-up to an election.
  - - - Refers to criminal groups and networks that undertake very carefully planned criminal activities.
    - - Costs our economy $15 million per year.
    - - Trafficking of Weapons
      - Human Trafficking
      - Drug Trafficking
  - - - Charles Bass (Co-Founder of large mining company) Donated $200 000 to the liberals.
      - Phillip Morris (Tobacco Company) Donated to the Liberals to help with tobacco packaging laws.
  - - - The immoral abuse of power for personal gain, another factor that threatens democracies around the world.
    - - Australia is viewed as having one of the least corrupt public or government sectors in the world.
    - - An index which ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys".
        
        Somalia and South Sweden tied at 179th with a score of 12/100
        
        New Zealand and Denmark are tied at 1st with a score of 88/100.
    - - Lobbying
      - Extortion
      - Bribery
      - Cronyism
      - Nepotism
      - Parochialism
      - Embezzlement
- - - - Australia has 3 levels of government.
        
        State
        
        Laws that applies to states.
        
        Head:
        
        Premier
        
        Responsibilities
        
        Health
        
        Consumer Affairs
        
        Education
        
        Forestry
        
        Public Transport
        
        Main Roads
        
        Justice
        
        Local
        
        Responsible for service in local areas.
        
        Head:
        
        Mayor
        
        Responsibilities
        
        Public health and recreation facilities.
        
        Building regulations and land subdivisions.
        
        Garbage collection.
        
        Local road maintenance.
        
        Federal
        
        Power to mke laws that apply to the entire country.
        
        Responsibiltiies
        
        Defense
        
        Currency
        
        Foreign Affairs
        
        Industrial Relations
        
        Trade
        
        Immigration
        
        Social Security
        
        Head:
        
        Prime Minister
    - - Indonesia has 3 levels of government.
        
        Provincial
        
        District
        
        National
  - - - Australia is a Representative Democracy.
        
        Definition
        
        A system of government run by the people, for the people.
        
        Head of State:
        
        The Queen
        
        Representatives are elected to make laws on your own behalf.
    - - Representative Democratic Republic
      - Indonesia is referred to as a republic.
        
        Definition
        
        A system of government where the people vote to determine government (or Head of State) rather than having a hereditary monarch or the Crown.
  - - - Bicameral System (Two Houses)
        
        House of Representatives
        
        560 Members
        
        The Senate (Lower House)
        
        132 Seats
      - People's Consultative Assembly
    - - Bicameral System (Two Houses)
        
        House of Representatives (Lower House)
        
        151 Members
        
        The Senate (Upper House)
        
        76 Members
  - - - in 1966, General Suharto, the head of the military, was installed as the nation's president. He led to the country for the next 30 years, during his authoritarian rule, President Suharto was often criticized for breaching human rights, including ordering the 1991 massacre of hundreds of East Timorese, who resisted Indonesia's occupation of their nation in 1975.
      - The Dutch ruled Indonesia for 300 years until the Japanese invaded and occupied the nation in 1942 during World War II. After the Japanes surrendered in 1945, a small group of Indonesians set up a temporary government and declared the nation an independent rupublic.
        
        The existence of many different political and religious group sand ongoing disputes with the dutch meant that it was diificult to form a stable government.
    - - 1788
        
        The British arrived and each colony established their own parliament.
      - 1st of January 1901
        
        Parliament passed law to unite colonies to form one federal system of parliament.
      - Upon arrival in Australia, the British swiftly imposed their own laws and legal system and began developing a system of government whereby each of the colonies, now called states, was able to establish its own parliament. Together with the British parliament, these colonial parliaments had the power to make laws for their own colony.
        
        Colonial Parliaments
        
        The Colonial Parliaments followed the British parliamentary model called the Westminster Parliamentary system.
        Each parliament consisted of:
        
        The Lower House
        
        The reigning English monarch or 'Crown'.
        
        The Upper House
        
        The Westminster system of parliament still exists on Australia today, with all state parliaments (except Queensland) and the Commonwealth Parliament consisting of two houses and the Crown or Queen of England. Queensland's state parliament only consists of the lower house and the Crown.
  - - - 3 Main branches of power:
        
        President
        
        The power to administer the law.
        
        Courts & Judges
        
        The power to apply and interpret the law.
        
        National/Provincial
        
        The power to make laws.
    - - No single group within the parliamentary system has power over both the political and legal systems.
      - Executive
        
        Power to implement the law.
        
        Prime Ministers
        
        Governor General
        
        Ministers
      - Judiciary
        
        Power to apply the law.
        
        High Court
        
        Federal Court
      - Legislative
        
        Power to make laws.
        
        House of Representatives
        
        The Senate
- - - - Legislative
      - Judiciary
      - Executive
- - - - It does this by:
        
        Disarming those who were involved in fighting - for example, controlling and disposing of weapons.
        
        Protecting civilians - civilians are those who are not on active drug duty with the military, navy, police or fire-fighting organisations.
        
        Protecting and promoting human rights.
        
        Overseeing elections.
        
        Restoring rule of law to a region, meaning that legal institutions including the government, police, courts and prisons are strengthened and are accountable for their actions
        
        Maintaining peace and security in a region.
  - - - Some of the right in the Universal Declaration are:
        
        Everyone is entitled to the same rights and freedoms.
        
        Everyone has the right to life.
        
        All people are born free and equal.
        
        No one should be subject to torture or slavery.
        
        Everyone is equal befor ethe law.
        
        No one should be subject to randomly bing arrested, detained.
        
        Everyone has the the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty.
        
        A person from another country has the right to seek and be given asylum from persecution.
      - Two of these agreements elaborate on the principles established in the Universal Declaration and are legally enforceable:
        
        The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) which includes, among many rights, the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech and assembly, the right to vote and the right to a fair trial.
        
        The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) which includes, among many rights, the right to equal pay, the right to health and education, as well as an adequate standard of living.
- - - - Mediation
        
        Parties meet with an independent third party also helps them discuss issues and reach a mutual resolution.
      - Reconciliation
        
        Process of renewing a relationship between parties, usually required forgiveness.
      - Negotiation
        
        Where parties get together and try to discuss the key issues in their dispute to reach a settlement between them.
  - - - Main feature of democracy is that our parliament makes and enforces laws that protect our shared values so that all citizens are treated equally.
    - - The laws protect our right to:
        
        Basic health care and education
        
        Life and security
        
        A fair trial
- - - - Legislative Power
        
        The power to make the law; held by the parliament.
      - Judicial Power
        
        The power to apply and interpret the law; held by the courts and allows them to enforce the law and settle disputes.
      - Executive Power
        
        The power to administer or implement the law; held by the governor-general (as the Queen's representative, and the Prime Minister and senior ministers.
- - - - The death penalty can be described as the state-sanctioned killing of a person as a punishment for a crime, also referred to as capital punishment.
    - - Although most nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the world's population live in countries where the death penalty is retained.
      - 54 Countries still retain the death penalty.
    - - Since the beginning of civilisations on Earth, execution of criminals has been used by nearly all societies.
      - Now mainly reserved for murder, terrorism, and war crimes.
    - - It is up to the judge to determine whether the accused is sentenced to life life imprisonment without parole or bail, or is sentenced to capital punishment.
      - Crimes punishable by death include:
        
        Mass Murder.
        
        Aggravated Cases of Rape.
        
        Murder.
        
        Terrorism.
        
        Child Sexual Abuse.
        
        Aircraft Hijacking.
        
        War Crimes.
        
        Crimes against Humanity.
        
        Genocide.
        
        Attempt to overthrow government.
        
        Treason.
        
        Espionage.
        
        Sedition.
        
        Piracy.
      - The crimes that are punishable by death differ in different countries.
    - - Who is the impact on?
        
        Families of the Condemned.
        
        Prosecutors and Attorneys.
        
        Families of Victims.
      - "Families except to feel relief after a criminal that has impacted their family is executed, however it rarely provides them with the closure they so desperately wanted"
      - Visiting hours aren't a possibility if the person you are visiting is executed.
    - - Leaders considering other strategies to ward off criminals instead of threatening their citizens with Capital Punishment as if it will solve all of their problems.
      - National and Federal governments need to listen to their citizens and take public opinion and perspective seriously.