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How far did the geographical distribution of black Americans change in the…

- - - - by 1850 there were 3.2 million black slaves and 400,000 free black Americans in USA
  - - - they were 453 seats allocated to states based on population.with the most populous states gaining the most seats. Black Americans were included in the calculation but they had no civil rights and had no votes. a slaves vote was worth 3/5 of a free, white persons vote
  - - - Many voters in free states saw the concept of slavery as contrary to the civil rights given to all other Americans leading to a rivalry developing between free states and slave states. This rivalry between the northern and mid- western free states and the southern slave owning states was termed 'sectional conflict'.
        
        in 1819 the Missouri compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state to the USA
        
        in 1820 Maine admitted being a free state
- - - - 1854= Republican Party created - opposed the creation of any new slave states in the west.
  - - - December 1860- South Carolina was the first southern state to seceded. Other southern states followed 1861. They decide to form the Confederate States of America, in order to preserve Slavery . in total 11 states seceded. Confederates called 'rebels'
  - - - the Civil War transformed the position of black Americans. in January 1683, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared all slaves under Confederate control free. in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment of the US Constitution declared Slavery to be abolished. in 1868, the Fourteenth granted all US citizens equal protection of the law. in 1870 the Fifteenth Amendment granted all adult males US citizens to vote . These civil war amendments meant that black Americans in the USA are now free and equal to white citizens. over 3.5 million black Americans had been removed from slavery
  - - - these developments led to sharecropping for freed black and poor white Americans. Old plantains which employed hundreds of slaves before abolition were divided into small farms of 30 to 50 acres, where rent was paid by giving the white landowner a share of the crop. To raise money to buy crops and farm tools a local credit system was introduced, which lead to many sharecroppers falling into debt caused by high rates of interests for borrowing money. by 1850, sharecropping was commonplace from east Texas to south Carolina. The hopes that the abolition of slavery would lead to a better life for free black slaves didn't come true.
- - - - Rust Belt=area in the USA associated with declining industry in 1970s and 80. associated with the large-scale industry such as steel making and car manufacturer. states associated with it were New York state,Pennsylvania and Michigan.
  - - - the gross national product- 1940=$99.7 billion 1945=$211 billion
      - These drastic changes in the economy led to greater Job opportunities for black American's
      - 1941-45 national income, wealth and industrial production more than doubled
      - the War created 17 million new Jobs , with average wages rising by 30%
      - when Franklin Roosevelt(FDR) came to power as President in 1933, they were 12.8 million out of work, 25% of the workforce. by 1940 (6 years of the New Deal) unemployment fell 8.1 million, 14.6% of the workforce. by 1645 unemployment fell to 1 million,1.9% of the workforce.
      - this decrease in unemployment as partly due to the conscription of 12 million men into the armed forces and placing the economy on war footing- led to FDR bringing unrivalled prosperity
    - - 15 million black and white American's moved permanently
      - when millions of the Americans joined the military - they moved to bases away from home and so did millions of military civilian employees. however, permanent shifts in pop were happening before the war
      - Black American's continued the Great Migration of the 1920s and 1930s, moving north from the Old South. 700,000 left the Old South many taking the traditional route to Chicago,Philadelphia and New York.
      - a new trend in pop was occurring, many people moved to the Pacific Coast to War industries such as aircraft and shipbuilding. 120,00 black American's moved west to the Los Angeles area.
- - - - severe economic issues in the Old South due to the fall in agricultural economy particularity the cotton growing areas
      - in 1914, the southern cotton fields suffered a major catastrophe- tiny insect called boll Weevil appeared in Texas and spread across the South destroying the Crop thousands of black Americans faced poverty which forcing them too look for work elsewhere
      - after WWI the cotton-producing areas faced a major slump in prices. This was due to a massive drop in demand for cotton due to the end of the war.
      - 1920 = 42 cents for a pound of Cotton, 1921= 10 cents for a pound of Cotton, 1932= 5 cents for a pound of Cotton
      - this had a major impact of those black Americans who were sharecroppers. Facing poverty and destitution, many moved north.
    - - Southern Governments introduced literacy tests for registration and a pool tax to be paid if people wished to vote. These laws also affected poor white people but as most black Americans living in the South lived in poverty (disproportionately discriminated)
      - a Grandfathers Clause was inserted into the registration process- if a person's grandfather couldn't vote neither can they. - As most black Americans had been slaves before 1865, their grandfathers couldn't have voted
      - Although he Fifteenth Amendment of the US Constitution of 1870 guaranteed all American adult males the right to vote- effectively removed from the black Americans in the Old South
      - Increased legal discrimination also associated with the rise of violence against black Americans and lynching of Black Americans increased.
      - between 1890 and the outbreak of WWI white-dominated southern state governments introduced laws which denied black Americans many of their civil rights
      - in 1915- the white supremacist groups the Ku Klux Klan was revived and grew rapidly to become a major force in American life in the years 1915 to 1926.
      - indiscriminate violent attacks on black Americans occurred often in the Old South led to many moving to North. Many saw the move to the North as biblical and the North was seen as the new 'Promised Land'
  - - - From 1922, the US economy experienced a major economic boom aided by the development of the Car industry and the growth of Mass Production through the use of assembly-line techniques lowering the prices of manufacturing goods and increasing the demands.
      - Detroit became the car manufacturing capital of the world and companies such as General Motors and Ford started to recruit tens of thousands of black Americans as workers.
      - The migration which began with WWI was sustained the economic changed affecting the USA in 1920s.
      - the demand for workers meant that black Americans were offered greater job opportunities in the North and West.
      - at the same time agriculture went through a difficult period
        
        the boom in agricultural prices and increase demands during WWI ended in 1920 as Europe started getting supplies elsewhere. The Old south was also heavily dependent on agriculture. the Economic changes were both push and pull factors on black migration.
    - - most widely read newspaper in the Old South was the Chicago Defender produced in the North. the newspaper urged southern black Americans working in the north to share their letters about the north being better. southerners would also hear stories form loved ones moved to the north about a life of luxury e.g new cars, nice clothes and new opportunities in life e,g school, new friends and jobs.
      - newspaper condemned life in the south as land of poverty and repression where as north was the land of freedom and opportunity.
      - By 1916 war effort in full swing met from two sources white women and black Americans. to fill that gap many black American's moved from poverty in the rural south to northern industrial cities. Recruiting agents from the northern industrial companies went down south to entice black American's with promises of a better lifestyle and,higher wages and an end to poverty
      - in addition to moving north to work in war-related industries, thousands of black Americans decided to join the US armed forces which still was segregated between black and white. several black regiments fought ion the western front in WWI in 1918.
      - outbreak of war in Europe 1914 led to drop in European migration and the demand of US-produced armaments by the Allied powers fighting in WWI meant jobs arose.
      - a black American can earn $2.50 a day in a meat-packing factory in Chicago and $5 a day on the assembly line of a car and truck manufacturer in Detroit. far more than in the South where sharecropping and Domestic services payed very little- only a few dollars a week
      - 400,000 black American's left the Old South from 1916 to 1918 to take advantage of job opportunities created by the war
    - - 1929 to 1941 saw the USA plunge into a Economic Depression . From 1933 there was a period for economic recovery known as the New Deal
      - The federal government established a number of federal agencies in which black American's obtained jobs.
        
        The Work Progress Administration (WPA), the National Youth Administration (NYA) and the Civilian Conservative Corps (CCC) allocated 10% of their budgets for black Americans (made up 10% of pop but 20% of the poor)
      - However the Intervention of Southern white Democrats meant that Social Security was denied to most black Americans and they were also excluded for membership in trade unions
      - Attempting to prevent black Americans from being discriminated against was extremely difficult in the state of the Old south that introduced legal segregation.
  - - - 1930 black American's lived in large numbers across the USA in North and South
      - in 1910 7 million of the 8 million black American's resided in the area known as Cotton belt.
      - between 1910 and 1930 the black American pop increased by 40% in northern states. biggest increases in cities such as Detroit,Chicago,Cleveland and New York City.
      - in the next 15 years - more than 10% of the black Americans voluntarily moved north