Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

civics and citizenships - Coggle Diagram

- - - - to act as the head of state and hold various powers including being required to give final approval to all laws made by parliament
- - - - laws produced by parliament
      - parliament - a group of representatives who have been elected by the people to make laws on their behalf, responsible for:
        
        creating new laws and changing existing laws, in aims to reflect the views and values of the majority of the people and benefit society
        
        debating and discussing matters that affect the voters
        
        analysing problems that exist within society
    - - a federal system entails that Australia is divided into states, each containing it's own parliament that is responsible for making laws for the residents in that state
      - there is also one central or federal parliament, which has the control to produce laws that apply to the entire country
  - - - responsible for reginal areas
      - responsibilities include: garbage collection and road work
    - - responsible for issues and matters dealt with in the states individually
      - responsibilities: hospitals and railway and public transportation
    - - power to make laws that apply to the entire country
      - responsibilities include; currency and immigration
  - - - liberal democracy: purpose is to protect people's rights and freedoms, and place limits on the level of government control or interference
      - we have laws that
        
        protect our broad rights of freedom of speech
        
        protect our basic rights to freedom of assembly and expression
        
        limit individuals from behaving in an offensive or indecent manner in public #
    - - representative government: Parliaments have to make laws that reflect the values, beliefs, views and morals of the people
      - achieved through free and fair electrons
      - Australia is one of the few countries that has compulsory voting
        
        helps ensure our parliaments have the help of the majority of people, not just those who voted
        
        may force candidates and political parties to consider the needs of all society when making policies
    - - responsible government
        
        government needs to be accountable to the people
        
        meaning that the government must be able to justify their actions and decisions to the voters
      - this is achieved through parliamentary question time and emailing or visiting your local member office
      - any member of government who acts in a dishonourable manner has a duty to resign form their position
    - - our government cant abuse or make laws beyond their power
      - separation of power: meaning no single group of individual within our parliamentary system has the power over both the political and legal systems
      - three main power of the federal level:
        
        executive - the power to administrate the law, held by parliament
        
        legislative power - the power to make the law; held by parliament
        
        judiciary - the power to apply and interrupt the law; held by the courts and allows them to enforce the law and settle disputes
    - - responsible government
        
        government must be accountable to the people
        
        this means that the government must be able to justify their actions and decisions to the voters
      - achieved through parliamentary question time and emailing or visiting your local member's office
  - - - in 1942 after claiming interdependence from the Dutch and Japanese, Indonesia became a republic
      - in the nation's first direct presidential election in 2004, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected as the president
    - - each of the parliaments in all the levels of government is elected by the people to create laws on their behalf, and elections take place once every five years, on the same same day. these levels include:
        
        national provincial (similar to federal)
        
        provincial (similar to state)
        
        district, also known as "city" (similar to local)
    - - people's consultative (lower house)
        560 members
      - reginal representation (upper house)
        76 members
      - president (single individual)
    - - republic: people vote to determine government or head of state, instead of a hereditary monarch, having a president
      - however as of recently, Indonesia has been leaning towards a more representative democracy, consisting of people voting to elect the parliaments and governments
    - - similarities:
        
        representatives are elected to make laws on our behalf
        
        separation of power
        
        three levels of government
      - differences
        
        the bill able to pass without being approved by both houses
        
        administrating the law is solely done by the president
        
        republic
        
        both of the houses contain more members
- - - - the corruption perception index is an index which ranks countries by their "perceived levels of public sector corruption" which is determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys.
      - the CPI overall defines corruption as un "abuse of entrusted power private gain"
  - - - all individual state, territory and federal parliament is elected by the people
      - compulsory voting means our government have the support of majority of the people
    - - main feature of democracy is that our parliament creates and enforces laws that protect our shared values so that all citizens are treated equally
      - the laws protect our rights to:
        
        fair trial
        
        basic healthcare and education
        
        life security
    - - individuals have the rights to oppose or disagree with the views held by the government
      - freedom of speech and freedom of assembly allow us to protect without fear of punishment
    - - in order to keep peace, processes exist to help groups or individuals resolve their problems or disputes
      - process can be in formal settings (courts) or informal domestic settings:
        
        negotiation (parties getting together and try to communicate the key problems in their disagreements to reach a settlement between them
        
        medication (parties meeting with an independent third party who assists them discuss problems and gain a mutual resolution
        
        reconciliation: processes of renewing a relationship between parties, usually required forgiveness
- - - - food
      - health care
      - education
      - shelter and safety
  - - - In a recent study in 2020, it showed that unemployment rose to 6.47%
      - This is caused by the decline in jobs, with a rising statistic of 6.4 percent
      - The most prominent relationship between poverty and unemployment, is that with the loss of income it increases the amount of poverty
      - leads to more people in debt, borrowing money to have basic essentials like shelter
      - Due to the rates of youth unemployment, the chances of poverty in the future are growing. Which is major cause of the poverty cycle
      - The cycle begins with a child being born into a poor family. Children being born in those families are more likely to experience illnesses, lack of sufficient healthcare and an inadequate education which makes it virtually impossible for them to get out of poverty
      - . Their kids would then be born into poverty, the cycling continuing for the future generation, leading to the cause and increase of poverty
  - - - the unethical practice of depriving children of their childhood by exploiting them though employment
      - Poverty is one of the main causes of child labour because it only happens to the children trapped in the poverty cycle
      - Child labourers are constantly exposed to abuse, dangerous working conditions, and times life threating situations
      - Due to poverty 152 million children are enduring hard labour with little pay and are deprived of schooling and gaining basic human skills
    - - one of the main impacts of poverty because many individuals experiencing poverty don’t have the income to possess a sufficient healthcare
      - Third world countries typically having higher levels of poverty and being less developed are usually vulnerable to more diseases and higher amounts of malnutrition in their population
      - One of the diseases most caused poverty is Tuberculosis, which is a disease caused by infection
      - Although Tuberculosis is preventable and curable, many people enduring poverty still experience it because of their lack of income for treatment and they would usually live-in poorer countries which would have higher population with lower living standards, making it easier to catch the disease
      - The relationship between poverty and the disease is shown in how India has the highest cases of tuberculosis in the world and 68.8 of India’s population is leaving in extreme poverty.
  - - - One of the main barriers of people reaching the middle class is the limited amount of affordable education and child-care
      - by investing in accessible, early education and in high-quality childcare it helps more individuals break out from the poverty cycle
      - This can be done by investing in corporations such as Child Care and Development Block grant and Head Start which helps supports and encourages developments in preschools and overall education for children.
- - - - • Assistance in the form of money, skills or other resources transferred from one country to another, mainly for humanitarian reasons
      - • Australia’s main recipient of foreign aid: Indonesia, Solomon Islands, Cambodia, Eat Timor, Myanmar, Fiji and other countries in our immediate region
      - • Given to improve poverty and assist a community to develop a better standard of living by providing schools roads, water supply and medical assistance #
      - • May be offered in a humanitarian crisis that threatens the health and safety of a community
      - • Eg. Giving the type of emergency aid after typhoon Haiyan devested the Philippines in 2013
      - • The millennium development goals (MDGs): the eight un goals adopted by many countries including Australia in 2000
    - - assists countries who have been torn by conflict to achieve lasting peace, achieved by
        
        keeping peace and security in an area
        
        securing civilians
        
        overseeing elections
        
        protecting and encouraging human rights
        
        restoring rule of law to a region
      - three basic principles that guide UN peacekeeping include
        
        consent of parties
        
        impartiality
        
        use of force as a measure of last resort
    - - helps fights against climate change
      - national responsibility to reduce it's greenhouse gas emissions
      - a member of Kyoto protocol: a binding international agreement aims to reduce emissions
      - cut it's emissions by 5 percent by 2020
      - takes part in an international climate change agreement in2015, setting emissions reduction targets for 2020 and beyond
    - - the universal declaration of human rights: adopted by the United Nations in 1945, considered to be the basis of international human rights law.
        
        rights of the declaration:
        
        All people are born free and equal.
        
        • Everyone is entitled to the same rights and freedoms.
        
        • Everyone has the right to life.
        
        • No one should be subject to torture or slavery.
        
        • Everyone is equal before the law.
        
        • No one should be subject to randomly being
        
        arrested, detained or exiled.