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(5.1) Method, Methodology, Language teaching, First, and Second Language…

- - - - Intake
        
        Is simple where language acquisition comes freom, that subset of linguistic imput that helps the acquirer acquirer language
      - Fluency
        
        Is developed by means of communicative strategias, several daily-life routines, formulas, role-play situations, games, etc
    - - Rules of thumb
        
        Must be learned in order to assist learners with their perfonmance
      - Structure of the target language
        
        Is up to the learner who wants to know a little bit more about linguistic of the target language.
    - - Is a relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency and is theresult of a reinforced practice
      - Is to acquire knowledge, undestanding or mastery by study or experience
      - Generally is the conscious process that takes place inside of the human beings by means of intensive repetition in order to get and understanding of new facts
  - - - Is guiding and facilitating learning , enabling the learner to learn, setting the conditions for learning.
      - Means to cause to acquire knowledge or skill
      - In short, teaching is a systematic process that is used by teachers to facilitate students in any sort of learning
- - - - Interactional
        
        Aim is developed communication among human beings
        
        Facilite two types of relationships among people: personal and social
      - Fuctional
        
        This group is not interested in grammar; It is interested in the semantic field of the language
      - Structural
        
        Talks about the syntax of the language
        
        Gramatical units
        
        Clause
        
        Phrase
        
        Sentence
        
        Gramatical operations
        
        Adding
        
        Shifting
        
        Joining elements
  - - - The Syllabus
        
        Talks about the selection of the subject, based on two concerns
        
        The subject (What to say)
        
        The linguistic (How to say)
        
        Should be based on two points of view
        
        The teaching approach or method that is going to be used during the teaching process
        
        The language testing system that will be used with such approach or method
        
        Should include
        
        General and specific goals
        
        Progressive presentation of gramtical structures starting from easy and ending with difficult
        
        The way that teaching activities are going to be introduced and tested in the syllabus
      - Learner roles in the system
        
        Is the role that students play in the teaching/learning process.
        
        Should base its philosophy upon students
      - Teacher roles in the system
        
        Is based on the roles that teachers play in the teaching/learning process
        
        There are two views
        
        The teachers become facilitators who direct students´ learning
        
        Teachers are not necessary for teaching non-native laguage because the material can be prepared for self-instruction
        
        The teaching/learning process cannot be carried out without teacher´s participation
      - Instructional materials types and fuctions
        
        Talks about the role that instructional materials play in the teaching/learning process
        
        Have some requirements
        
        What are they used for?
        To practice speaking, writing, readling and listening
        
        What are their shapes? (Tape recorder, TV, etc)
        
        What relationship do they have with the teaching/learnig process. Are they useful to acquire the foreing laguage.
        
        Is the teacher able to use them in class?
        Does he know how to run them?
  - - - The types of exercise and practice activity
        
        Refers to the sort of drills and rehearsals that the teacher will use to help students undesrtand in a better way the new subject.
      - The resources required to implement recommended practices
        
        Elements that are needed for achieving such drills and rehearsals
        
        Time; How much time will theteacher spend with his students
        
        Space; The length of the exercises (Short or long)
        
        Equipment; Will the teacher use a tape recorder
      - The types of teaching and learning techniques
        
        Kind of technique that the teacher is going to use introducing a new topic
- - - - Skinner: He proposes the THEORY OF VERBAL BEHAVIOR which is based on his GENERAL THEORY OF LEARNING BY OPERATING CONDITIONING. His experiment was based on putting a rat in a box that had a bar, the same that was touched by the rat in order to obtain food.
        In general, operant conditioning is a voluntary response to any stimulus that is learned through reinforcement.
      - J. Jenkis and D. Palermo; also belong to the behavistic current. they hold that children might get some syntax patterns based on stimulus-reponse facts whih are supported by imitation
      - Chomsky believed that every single child is furnished with a Structure - Dependent Operation System that permits him to organize and bring about some statements.
      - Pavlov thought that language was consciously learned by means of oral stimulus but not by rewards.
      - Mc. Neill considered that children were not able to learn all of the syntax patterns at the vey beginning of their lives, but later on
  - - - The Nativist approach
        
        Chomsky. Considered three properties on the children.
        
        An knowledge of language universals; composed of sustantive(syntax) and formal (grammar rules, and deep/surface structures joined by transformations) universals
        
        An evaluation Instrument; that lets them select one grammar rule from another one
        
        An Innate hyphotesis- making Device. Make their own rules about the use the language around them
        
        These three elements form waht is know as LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE, that is considered as the central point of Chomsky's research
        
        Mc. Neill. He thought that the children possessed four linguistic elements
        
        Ability to arrange linguistic data for further
        
        Understanding to choose only one linguistic information
        
        Ability to recognize different speech sounds
        
        Evaluation, Device to use linguistic facts
      - The cognitive approach Tries to give a scientific view of how language is acquired by children
        
        Considers that the human mind is organized in some levels: MEMORY - PERCEPTION - THOUGHT - MEANING - EMOTION
        
        Some researchers
        
        Lois Bloom states that children learn language through underlying relationships
        
        Jean Piaget asserts that language comes with children in terms of an interrelationship between their linguistic knowledge with what they have acquired from the environment in wich they live and develop their daily activities
        
        Dan Slobin believes that the first thing humans acquire when learning their language is the meaning of words and things, then they get the syntax of the language they are to talk
        
        Nowadays have two groups have appeared
        
        Those that are interested in the study of the fuctions of the language
        
        Refers to the fact that language is mainly used for communication
        
        Those that are concerned with the study of the performance of the language
        
        Talks about the capacity that human beings have for using the kanguage they already know