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How does critical pedagogy reveal and confront the role that schooling…
How does critical pedagogy reveal and confront the role that schooling plays throughout history in the United States?
Legal :star:
IASA - 1994 - reforms for Title I; increased funding for bilingual and immigrant education; and provisions for public charter schools, drop-out prevention, and educational technology.
NCLB - 2001; The law reauthorizes the ESEA of 1965 and replaces the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, mandates high-stakes student testing, holds schools accountable for student achievement levels, and provides penalties for schools that do not make adequate yearly progress toward meeting the goals of NCLB.
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Brown v. Board of Education - 1955 Overturns previous SCOTUS ruling, Plessy v. Ferguson. Separate is NOT equal.
1963 - Lyndon Johnson, a former school teacher becomes president
2002 - Zelman v. Simmons-Harris; SCOTUS ruled that certain school voucher programs are constitutional and do not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
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Black schools lacked amenities that White schools had - science lab, gymnasium, foreign language teachers. They had old textbooks that were discarded from the White schools.
Integrated schools often had segregated extra curricular activities like sports and dances. Many classes were also segregated - different English classes for Whites and Latinx students.
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School Choice :star:
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Choice Movement
Choice = Small alternative schools in existing building
Different focus, science, art, dance, - all had the same goal, increase student achievement.
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2002 - Zelman v. Simmons-Harris - School vouchers can be used to attend private schools including secular schools.
Vouchers are $2500-4700 - not enough to attend very affluent schools and do not go far enough to level the playing field as intended.
Vouchers and the spirit of competition do nothing to address inequities and feed the assumption of a level playing field for minority and low-income students.
Vouchers are more of a magnifying glass that expose unaddressed inequities than a magic wand with any power to fix what it can't see is broken.
Vouchers and choice are proposed to increase school competition and end the "monopoly " that public schools hold.
Choice was created to reform public schools. But it ignores inherent inequities in the system and does nothing to address oppression while at the same time causing more problems by closing failing neighborhood schools and displacing minority and low-income students.
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