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Method, Methodology, Language teaching, First, and Second Language…

- - - - It means a way to achieve a purpose.
    - - That helps any person to achieve a particular objective.
        
        Theory that is verified through practice
        
        It is used as a principle that regulates knowledge.
        
        It is a way of organizing student understanding.
        
        That allows them to achieve knowledge, their methods and practical way of teaching.
        
        The assimilation of any theoretical or practical activity that arises as a result of the study of any subject.
  - - - Method that uses a procedure to reach a purpose.
    - - Development and validation exercises and teaching activities.
        
        Evaluating the effect of the development of specific language skills and abilities.
    - - to teach the content of any language course.
- - - - Theories of the nature of language
        
        They become the foundation for establishing the teaching objectives
        
        And to develop any language teaching program.
      - Theories of the nature of language learning
        
        They give fundamental reasons for choosing specific teaching procedures to achieve the teaching process.
    - - Functional
        
        It is interested in the semantic field of language.
      - Interactional
        
        It is a device used to facilitate two types of relationships:
        
        Personal
        
        Social
      - Structural
        
        It is an arrangement where similar components get together for helping to find meaning.
        
        To acquire the parts of such system.
        
        Grammatical units
        
        Clause
        
        Phrase
        
        Sentence
        
        Grammatical operations
        
        Adding elements
        
        Shifting elements
        
        Joining elements
  - - - Elements
        
        Learner roles in the system
        
        if there are no students it is impossible to carry out any educational process.
        
        The approach or method must base its philosophy on the students.
        
        Teacher roles in the system
        
        Teachers are in charge of the classroom and facilitators of student learning.
        
        Teachers are not required to teach the non-native language.
        
        Syllabus
        
        Selection of the subject to be taught in any language teaching program.
        
        It's based on:
        
        The subject
        
        The linguistic
        
        Types and functions of institutional materials.
        
        Each teaching approach or method uses specific instructional materials.
        
        Conditions:
        
        What relationship do they have with the teaching/learning process?
        
        What are their shapes?
        
        What are they used for?
        
        Is the teacher able to use them in class?
  - - - With respect to any approach or teaching method.
        
        Aspects:
        
        The types of exercise and practical activity
        
        It is the type of drills and rehearsals that the teacher will use to help students in the new subject.
        
        The resources needed to implement the practical recommendations.
        
        They are the additional elements that are needed to achieve these exercises and rehearsals.
        
        Space
        
        Equipment
        
        Time
        
        The types of teaching and learning techniques
        
        The type of technique the teacher will use to introduce a new topic.
- - - - Immediately perceptible aspects of linguistic behavior
      - Relationships or associations betwen responses and events
    - - Verbal Behavior Theory
        
        General Theory of Learning by Operant Conditioning
    - - Children learn syntax patterns
    - - Criticized the rats experiments made by Skinner
      - Believed in the Structured-Dependent Operation System
    - - Language isn't learnt by rewards but by stimulus
    - - Criticized Jenkins and Palermo
        
        Children can't learn all syntax patterns
  - - - Considers Human mind is organized in some levels
        
        memory, perception, thought, meaning and emotion
      - Researchers
        
        Lois Bloom
        
        states that children learn the language by underlying relationships of words
        
        For example
        
        Word order: mi papa
        Underlying relationships (possible meanings):
        1) mi papá (my father)
        2) mi papa (my potatoe)
        3) mi pápa (my ball)
        
        Jean Piaget
        
        Asserts that language comes with children
        
        Their linguistic knowledge
        
        Acquired from environment in wich they live and develop their daily actvites
        
        Dan Slobin
        
        First thing humans acquire is the meaning of words and things
        
        Then
        
        They get syntax of the language
      - Language is acquired by children
        
        every single child is born with a sort knowledge about the language
    - - Chomsky
        
        A knowledge of Language Universals
        
        Substantive
        
        Syntaxis
        
        Formal
        
        Grammar rules
        
        Deep/surface structures
        
        Language Aquisition Device
        
        An Innate Hypothesis-Speaking Device
        
        An Evaluation Instrument
      - Mc. Neill
        
        Ability to arrange linguistic data fer further use
        
        Understanding to choose only one linguistic information
        
        Ability to recognize different speech sounds
        
        Evaluation Device to use linguistic facts
- - - - Based on
        
        Theory know as "Classical Conditioning" by Ivan Pavlov, Russian psychologist
        
        directed trials for to train a dog to salivate as it heard a sound of a fork
        
        any kind of learning is shown as the result of a stimuli with a response
        
        John B. Watson adopted Pavlov's theory
        
        stimulus-response connections
      - deals with the stimulus-response process
        
        First, a person is given a stimulus (oral, visual, written)
        Then they give a response (specific behavior)
    - - is held by
        
        Skinner
        
        research "Respondent Conditioning" a specific behavior is the result of a prior stimulus
        
        Thought that human learning is due to Operant Behavior
        
        a sort of conduct without necessity of any type of stimuli but with people's reinforcement
        
        Reinforcement is the result of positive consequences when doing any type of activity
        
        Designed Programmed Instruction
        
        Information is given
        
        Questions are made about the facts
        
        Correct answers (reinforcers) are provided
    - - Authors
        
        David Ausubel
        
        Considers that people learn by mean of a meaningful procedure
        
        person already knows (meaningful learning)
        person has acquired recently (rote learning)
        
        Frank Smith
        
        Method Manufactoring Meaningfulness
        
        Learning can be meaningful if the person wants it
        
        Depends of human needs, goals, aspirations, motivations
        
        Both authors say
        
        what a person has learned cannot be kept up forever
    - - Explains that learning is based human beigns
        
        is held by
        
        Carl Rogers
        
        thinks
        
        learning is developed in terms of effective operations rather than cognitive ones
        
        research known as Client-Centered Therapy
        
        Knowledge is the final result of his personal background that allows him to make his own criteria for learning what he considers adequate
        
        explain
        
        his theory deals with human's learning rather than with human's teaching
        
        Teachers have some basic requirements
        
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- - - - Conventionalized signs
      - Sounds
      - Gestures
      - Marks
    - - Communicate
        
        Ideas
        
        Feelings
      - Establish relationships among people
    - - Sentences
      - Phrases
      - Words
      - Speech
      - Letters
  - - - Reinforced practice
      - Study
      - Experience
    - - Knowledge
      - Understanding
      - Mastery