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THE ART OF POETRY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - usually from 2 to 12 lines long
    - - the quatrain (4 lines)
      - the sestet (6 lines)
      - the tercet (3 lines)
      - the octave (8 lines)
      - the couplet (2 lines)
- - - - the dictionary definition of words
    - - associations and feelings evoked in the reader's mind by the words
        
        can be communicated by several FIGURES OF SPEECH:
        
        OXYMORON
        
        combination of 2 usually contradictory things, used to express extreme feelings
        
        PERSONIFICATION
        
        the attribution of the characteristics of a living being to abstract or inanimate things
        
        METAPHOR
        
        a comparison between 2 dissimilar things without connective words
        
        'Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player' (Macbeth, Act 5 - Shakespeare)
        
        Elements of a metaphor
        
        VEHICLE: what it is compared to (a walking shadow)
        
        COMMON GROUND: the analogy between them (impalpability)
        
        TENOR: the subject (life)
        
        HYPERBOLE
        
        the exaggeration of a quantity, quality or a concept
        
        SIMILE
        
        an explicit comparison between 2 things (use of like, as, resembles...)
        
        SYMBOL
        
        elements standing for something else and often shared within a community (rose: love)
        
        LITOTES
        
        a rethorical understatement using the negative of the opposite meaning
        
        not ill-disposed (favourably disposed)
    - - words referring to the 5 senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste) to recreate the poet's physical experience
        
        to see, to stare...
  - - - Allitteration
        
        repetition of the same initial consonant in consecutive or close words
      - Repetition and refrain
        
        repetition of phrases or lines to create musicality
      - End-stopped line
        
        when the end of a line coincides with a grammatical pause, usually marked by a punctuation mark
      - Onomatopeia
        
        the use of words whose sound illustrate their meaning (crack)
      - Assonance
        
        repetition of the same vowel sound
      - Run-on line 7 enjembement
        
        when a line ends in the middle of a phrase
    - - English: stress-timed (not syllable-timed)
        
        the rhythm is given by an alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables (Latin: long and short syllables)
    - - Metre: the distribution within the line of stressed and unstressed syllables
      - Foot: a segment containing an unstressed and a stressed syllable (Latin: long and short syllable)
        
        unstress-stress pattern - most common in English
        
        IAMB
        
        particularly the IAMBIC PENTAMETER (10 syllables)
        
        'Shall I compare thee to a summer's day' (Sonnet 18- Shakespeare)
        
        stress-unstress pattern
        
        TROCHEE
        
        'Fair is foul and foul is fair' (Macbeth, Act 1, Scene 1 - Shakespeare)
    - - END RHYME:
        
        when the last word of 2 or more lines has the same ending sound
        
        to mark the end of a line
        
        to memorise the poem easier
        
        they create a pattern called RHYME SCHEME
        
        Rhymes are identified by letters
      - INTERNAL RHYME:
        
        when rhyme is used within the line
        
        'The guests are met, the feast is set' (The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, S.T. Coleridge)