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3 systems of the body:, BLOOD CIRCULATION, A (✔), B (❌), AB (❌), O…

- - - - DUE TO UNDERSECRETION / HYPOSECRETION:
        
        SIMPLE GOITRE:
        
        This ailment is caused due to swelling in the thyroid gland. it occurs due to insufficient iodine in our daily food.
        
        CRETINISM:
        
        This ailment brings abnormal growth in an infant. It causes mental and physical retardation
        
        MYXOEDEMA:
        
        This ailment usually occurs in adults, when insufficient thyroxine is produced. It shows general sluggishness, with swelling on the face and palms.
      - DUE TO OVRESECRETION:
        
        Increased metabolic rate, increased heart beat, weight loss, and general restlessness
  - - - Central Medulla
        
        this part secretes the adrenaline hormone.
      - Peripheral Cortex
        
        even though the cortex is a part of adrenaline, it doesn't secrete that. It secretes a number of hormones such as the cortisone
- - - - It is contained within the lymph vessels and lymphatic organs. Most of the tissue fluid enters another minute channel called the lymphatic system. The lymph flows in its vessels because of contraction of the surrounding muscles. on the way the lymph drains into lymph nodes where fresh lymph channels arise. these channels ultimately pour into major anterior veins close to the right auricle and then the circulation cycle begins again
      - Composition:
        
        Non-cellular part: it contains bout 94% of water. the rest of it is only proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes, antibodies, etc.
        
        Cellular part: it contains leukocytes. blood platelets or RBCs are missing.
      - Functions Of Lymph:
        
        (iv) lymphocytes and monocytes protect the body and also remove bacteria from the tissues. swellings we experience during a burn is due to the lymph localizing the infection as to not spread it to the whole body.
        
        (ii) Drains metabolic wastes from the fluid tissue adn returns proteins to the blood from tissue spaces.
        
        (iii) Fats in the intestine are absorbed through lymph vessels.
        
        (i) Supplies nutrition and oxygen to those parts where blood cannot reach.
    - - It occupies the space between individual cells and is also known as the interstitial tissue. The plasma and leukocytes from the capillaries of these tissues leak out and bathe the cells. from here, cells absorb oxygen and other required substances, and in turn, give out carbon dioxide and other things as waste, back into it.
    - - It is contained in the heart and blood vessels(arteries, veins, capillaries)
      - Blood always flows through blood vessels. Basically, in a closed manner, thus, this kind of vascular system is called closed vascular system
      - the heart, acts as a pump for blood. it receives and pushes the blood to and from the body
  - - - Veins:
        
        These blood vessels bring back the blood to the heart, but there is an exception.
      - Capillaries:
        
        These are the very fine blood vessels interconnecting veins and arteries. these are the principle locations where the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and many other nutrients and waste substances between the blood and body tissue takes place.
      - Arteries:
        
        These blood vessels take the blood towards the rest of the body.
    - - Pulmonary Trunk:
        
        carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle for oxygenation
      - Aorta:
        
        carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body. (aorta is the biggest artery of the body)
      - Pulmonary Veins:
        
        Bring oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
      - Coronary Artery:
        
        It distributes oxygenated blood to the walls of the heart. It is a branch of the Aorta.
      - Vena Cavae
        
        The 2 large veins bringing deoxygenated blood to the right auricle. the superior vena cava brings blood from head / shoulders. the inferior vena cava brings blood from the rest of the body.
      - Coronary Veins:
        
        They bring back deoxygenated blood from the walls of heart to the right auricle
- - - - Neuron:
        
        Cyton: This is the main cell body, which also has a nucleus. it has extensions called dendrites which are cytoplasmic extensions of the cyton.
        
        Axon: From the cell body comes out a long (apparently its called a process) called axon. it's length can vary from a few millimeters to 1 meter. The axons ends in branched filaments called terminal branches.
        
        Types Of Neurons:
        
        Sensory Neurons: carry impulses from sense organs to brain and spinal cord.
        
        Motor Neurons: carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
        
        Association Neurons: These transmit impulses from one neuron to another. (via synapses)
  - - - Spinal Cord: extends from the medulla and runs almost the whole length of the back bone. the arrangement of the grey and white matter is reversed here. (inner portion is grey matter and outer portion is white matter)
        
        Functions Of The Spinal Cord:
        
        ii conducts messages from skin and muscles to brain
        
        i Controls reflexes below the neck
        
        iii conducts commands from brain to muscles of the torso and limbs.
      - Brain: It has 3 main parts. (i) Cerebrum, (ii) Cerebellum, and (iii) Medulla Oblongata
        
        Medulla oblongata: the lowest part of the brain. it stretches up to the spinal cord, its function is to control activities of internal organs like beating of the heart, breathing, peristalsis of alimentary canal etc. injury to this part may result in the death of a person.
        
        Cerebellum: it is much smaller, located below the cerebrum. its main function is to balance the body and coordinate muscle activities. a drunk person cannot balance because alcohol affects the cerebellum.
        
        Cerebrum: its the largest portion of the brain and is divided into 2 hemispheres called cerebral hemispheres (right and left). the outer surface is folded with ridges and grooves. it also is hollow. on the outside of the walls there is grey matter or the cyton of the neuron. on the inner portion of the wall there resides white matter or the axon of the neuron. this cerebrum controls intelligence, consciousness and will power.
    - - Somatic Nervous System: connects the CNS to the organs, muscles and skin.
        
        2 Types Of Nerves In The Somatic Nervous System:
        
        Cranial Nerves: emerge from the brain. has 12 pairs - some are - i sensory ii motor iii mixed
        
        eye lids(motor)
        
        Face and tongue(mixed)
        
        optic nerves, to see.(sensory)
        
        Spinal Nerves: emerge from spinal cord. have 31 pairs. each pair has sensory nerve, they carry messages from sensory organs to spinal cord. motor nerves, do the opposite. they bring messages from brain to muscles and glands.
      - Autonomic Nervous System: acts largely unconsciously and controls involuntary bodily activities. eg. heart rate, dilation etc.
        
        consists pair of chain of nerves and ganglia. located on either sides of the backbone. controls involuntary cations of internal organs. this operates through sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. these 2 systems are opposite(antagonistic) in their actions. sympathetic systems work when in fear (dilation of pupils, accelerates heart etc.)and the parasympathetic system does the opposite.
        
        voluntary actions like gaming, studying etc.
        
        involuntary actions like reflexes of your hand going away from the candle if it burns. or the flushing of tears when a particle falls into your eyes.
  - - - Natural(inborn) Reflex: no learning is required. its just naturally there.
      - Conditional Reflex: learning is required. typing on a keyboard, watering of the mouth etc. basically muscle memory(kind of)
- - - - right ventricle contracts pushing the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation. at this same time, the left ventricle contracts with great pressure sending blood to the aorta and then to all parts of the body.
        
        semi lunar valves close after all the blood is sent into the arteries.
- - - - ❌
- - - - ❌
- - - - ❌
- - - - ✔
- - - - eating plenty of fibre containing foods.
        
        avoid too much sweets
        
        obesity or excessive weight is a very common problem
        
        play outdoors
        
        regular walking, jogging, cycling
- - - - Aorta: carries blood to the rest of the body after oxygenation.
        
        Coronary Artery: carries blood to the walls of the heart after oxygenation
        
        Coronary Veins: bring back deoxygenated blood from the walls of the heart to the heart.
- - - - The contraction of the muscle to withdraw the hand is called response