psychology: study of cognitive processes and behaviour =baron
form a Latin word psyche which means soul, intially the field was belongs to philosophy as they study about soul. the first person to starrt stuying about it was wilhem wundt, first lab in germany, in 1879. study about animal, human, behaviour and mental process.
science is a systematised body of knowledge gathered through carefully observing and measuring events. empirical observation , systematic, measurement , definition of terms.
describe, explain, predict, control and improve.more focus on intelligence, personality, stress, learning, memory , thinking, perception, not only humans but also animals.
methods : experimental, correlation, observation.application: clinical( disorders and troubles), community ( consultative, education, research), forensic( crime and its prevention, rehabilitation ),health ( behaviour and health, illness), environmental( urban noise, crowding, human space), industrial and organisational( work setting), educational( learning and motivation of curriculum), counselings ( emotional disturbances,emotionla troubles)
chap 2 : biological
neurons: dentdrites, cell body, axon, soma, myelin sheath, schwann cell, node of ranvier, end brush.
nervous impulse: electric event: negative inside of neuron and outside positive.
classification : sensory (brain and spinal cord) , motor neuron( from brain and spinal cord), association( within brain and spinal cord).uni-polar( environment to nervous system), bipolar( eye), multipolar.
system: spinal cord: fluid, menings, 31 division, automatic machine.
brain: bony skull, 3 layers, dura, pia, archenoid, cerebro spinal fluid, mylin sheath cover white, hind brain: first, medulla, bp, heart, pons, face and head, cerebellum: w/g, coordinate motor function. mid brain: tectum( colliculi, visual, auditory) tegmentum( reticular formation, lower and higher part of brain),RAS( ascending and descending), fore brain: tele and die cephalon ,thalamus(vision,hearing, taste and temp) and hypothalamus( homeostatic, pituitary gland, hinger ,thrust,), basal ganglia ( Parkinson disease), hippocampus for memory, olfactory bulb for smell,cerebrum: larger the grey more intelligence, 2 hemisphere, both contains fissures , fissures containing 4 lobes, frontal(motor activity) , parietal(knowledge of direction),temporal(wernick), occipital(visual).
cognitive: attention: focusing of consciousness, selective, divided, executive, sustained.
perception: process of selecting( attended), organising(principles)
, and interpretation( subjective).
gestalt school laws: marx wertheimer, wolfgang, koffka, whole is bigger than the sum of all, figure ground, proximity, (cluster), similarity, continuity, closure, common fate, pragnaz.
learning: relative amount of change in behaviour resulting from experience, 3 theories: association , consequences, and watching others.
classical conditioning: conditioned and unconditioned responses, Ivan Pavlov, emotional and behavioural, operant conditioning( rat), bf skinner, reinforcement and punishment, instrumental learning, observationa: albert bandura ( social learning theory, childrens), attention, retention, production and motivation,
memory: encoding, storage and retrieval, models: traditional( attention, rehersal, ram and rom), shiffrin and atkinson, sensory , short and long term,
levels of processing: physical, phonological and semantic, increasing depth.
thinking:problem solving process, perceptual( simple), conceptual(concepts symbols0, reflective(previous experience), creative( re-arranging to form new) , critical (judgements).
propositional thinking, mental image, concepts helps in prototype, propositions (underlying meanings and relationships) , conceptual-propositional theory, epi- phenomena (*derived)
socio cultural, differences in preferences, collective identity, family as a big affecting element.
peripheral: somatic form which the central system sends to voluntary system, cranial( 12 nerves, motor, sensory , association), spinal( 31 pairs, into 5 parts from spinal cord), servical, thoraic, lumbar, sacral, cocygeal.
automatic system: kisney, cardiac, 2 division, parasympathetic(lowers the metabolism, and adrenalin,) sympathetic (thoraic and lumbar, activates adrenal)
endocrine glands: hypothalamus,posterior, anterior, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, pancreas, testes, ovaries, thymus, pineal gland.
motivation: PHYSIOLOGICAL, SUBJECTIVE FEELING, EXPRESSIVE REACTIONS, URGES U, PROPELS ACTION, ENERGIZE BEHAVIOUR, DRIVING AND PULLING FORCES, IN CONTEXTS OF NEED, DESIRES AND INCENTIVES( MOTIVES TOO).
TYPES: INTRINSIC, EXTRINSIC, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY, MOTIVATION COMES FROM WITHIN INCLUDES CHALLENGE, ENJOYMENT, AUTONOMY AND MASTERY,
THEORIES: BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC INSTINCT THEORY WHERE ENVIRONMENTAL IS AGAINST THE TRAITS. 2: DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY BUT SOME TIMES WE INTENSIFY THE DRIVE RATHER THEN SATISFYING IT, AROUSAL THEORY: BODY AND MIND ALERT, YERKES-DODSON, INVERTED U, OPTIMAL AROUSAL MODEL, 1908, WE FUNCION BEST WHEN WE ARE AROUSED THE OPTIMUM OVER AROUSED LEADS TO STRESS, INCENETIVE STIMULI THEORY, MASLOE HIERARCHY.
EMOTIONS:SUBJECTIVE GOGNITIVE STATE, PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS, EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR, SHOWN IN 3 WAS PHYSICALLY, SUBJECTIVE( WE LABEL) , EXPRESSIVE (OUTWARD), INVOLVE COGNITION BUT THE PHYSICAL; SENSATION MAKES IT REALLY DIFFERENT.
FROM A LATIN WORD : STIRRED UP STATE, TYPES OF EMOTION: BASIC( ANGER, DISTRUST, PAIN etc, 10, INBORN BUT CAN NOT BE NULLIFIED FROM CULTURE PERSPECTIVE, SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS (TO FILL THE GAP BETWEEN REALITY AND IDEAL ONE)
COMPONENTS: COGNITIVE APPRAISAL, SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES, THOUGHT AND ACTIONS, INTERNAL BODIES,. FACIAL EXPRESSION, RESPONSE TO EMOTION.
functions: PREPARES FOR AN ACTION, SHAPE FUTURE, EFFECTIVE INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS, THEORIES: JAMES LANGES THEORY: WILLIAM JAMES AND CARL LANGE, PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES, FACIAL FEEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS CAN ALSO BE MENTIONED THE SATTES EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES INFLUNCED BY SNESORY FEEDBACK, CANNON BARD : NERVE STIMULUS WHERE EMOTIONAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL HAPPENS AT THE SAME TIME, SCHACHTER SINGER ( NON SPECIFIC PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AS PER THE ENVIRONMENTAL, EPINEPHRINE EXPERIMENT, OPPONENET PROCESS THEORY LIKE DRUG ADICTION, COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORY OF EMOTION, WHERE THE VARIOUS SOURCE AND PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE AFFECTS THE REACTION.