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Historical Issues in Deaf Education - Coggle Diagram
Historical Issues in Deaf Education
Post-Milan Attitudes
Schools in the US adopted oralism
Deaf teachers were not allowed to teach deaf students
Fear that students would learn sign language
1850's: Half the teachers were deaf
1880's: only a quarter of teachers were deaf
1960's: only one eight of teachers were def
In 1913 and 1915 National Association of the Deaf
fought the passage of a law to make oralism mandatory
1882: 7.5 % of 7000 students were taught by oralism
Increased to 47% in 1900
Highest percentage in 1919 at 80%
Edward Miner Gallaudet and AGB
Both born to deaf mothers
AGB's mother became deaf postlingually
she was a speechreader and used a trumpet to hear sounds
married a deaf woman who didn't sign
Sophia Fowler~ Gallaudet's mother
communicated with sign language only
Gallaudet married two hearing women
By Richard Winfield, published 1967:
Never Shall the Twain Meet
book about the many disputes b/w AGB and Gallaudet
AGB
founded the Volta Bureau
founded the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf in 1890
Gallaudet
Founded the Normal Department at Gallaudet University
started CAID in 1850
promoted the combined method: both speech and signs
The Authors' Earliest Experiences
Melvia and Claudia
went to the Texas School for the Deaf
had no negative experiences until their third year of school
they were forced to lipread
Only had a 10% accuracy rate
Melvia was ridiculed for her inability to decipher the lipreading
they reported Ms.W and melvia was placed in the manual program
she was much happier after
Ronald
grew up with oralism through the sixth grade
students were either assigned to manual or oral department
was more emotionally comfortable with the combined method
When All Hell Broke Loose, 1880
September, 1880: International Congress on Education of the Deaf
Majority votes
The Pure Oral method is preferred
oral method is preferred to that of manual sign language
Only ONE of 164 representatives was Deaf
Segregation
not only segregation by manual or oral teaching method
race and gender segregation was super prominent
race
black students were not admitted until the 1950's
Andrew J Foster first black student to graduate from Gallaudet
separate but "equal"
different dormitories and classrooms
James Gilbert first black student admitted to Gallaudet University
no schools for black deaf children until after Civil War
these schools prepared students very well
many black students were lost or destroyed when schools closed
the segregated schools did not teach them culture
black students lost touch with black history, culture, and issues
gender
women could not attend Gallaudet until 23 years after it opened
women lived in House One on campus
later in 1889 they were allowed to live in the East building
no official residence for them
Deafhood
Deafness versus Deafhood
Deafhood
recognizes being Deaf as an identity
creates an identity that is accepted
defined as
"a state of mind where Deaf people achieve their fullest and strongest Deaf selves and is a positive approach to reaffirming Deaf people's potential and place in society"
Deafness
originated in the medical field
focused on being deaf or losing hearing as a handicap