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THE MIDDLE AGES, 2 cultural institutions, foundation of a NATIONAL SPIRIT,…

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        qualities of courtliness
        
        moderation
        
        fair play
        
        skills in language and music
        
        worship of women
        
        Christian values: charity to the poor and the church
- - - - language of the Church and learning
    - - language of paesants and common people
    - - Anglo-Norman,
        Old French dialect
        
        language of the court and upper social class
    - - Anglo-Saxon inflections reduced, accent changed and French words enriched its vocabulary
  - - - beginning of the age of the writer
        
        religious and didactic works
        
        French literary materials and form
        
        use of allegory, symbols and abstract personifications
        
        foundation of a uniquely English literature
        
        it started in the late 14th century when English began to replace French as the language of government
        
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        Anglo-Saxons in contact with Southern Europe after Norman Conquest.
        
        NORMANS transmitters of French culture and literature
        
        SHIFT FROM THE ALLITERATIVE TO THE METRICAL SYSTEM
        
        Authors became self-conscious of their works which showed increasing originality, creativity and sophistication. Not anonymous anymore
      - WILLIAM CAXTON 1470
        
        FIRST ENGLISH PRINTING PRESS
        
        published many books Chaucer's and Gower's poems and Malory Le morte d'Arthur
        
        contributed to the STANDARDIZATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
- - - - Henry II's sons
        
        1215
        
        Henry III
        
        EDWARD I
        
        Edward II
        
        EDWARD III
        
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        Disposition and murderer for misgovernment
        
        1295
        
        summoned
        MODEL PARLIAMENT
        
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        conquest of Wales
        
        BUT
        
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        Barons rebelled because the king didn't comply with the principles of the Magna Charta
        
        John Lackland forced to sign
        
        MAGNA CHARTA LIBERTATUM
        
        the king could no longer levy taxes without the barons' consent
        
        no free men could be detained and dispossessed of his properties without a fair trial
        
        RICHARD LION-HEART
        
        preferred gaining fame than governing. Spent time abroad first in the Third Crusade and then in France where he died in a fight
        
        JOHN LACKLAND
        
        high taxes to finance disastrous military campaigns in France led to the loss of Normandy
        
        eventually nobility refused to pay him more taxes
        
        Tyrannical king
      - Stephen dies and Henry's grandson from his daughter Matilda is proclaimed king
        
        HENRY II
        
        first Plantagenet king
        
        changed the feudal system and reduced the power of the barons
        
        stronger system of justice
        
        opposed the separation between ecclesiastical and civil justice
        
        Constitutions of Clarendon
        
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        COMMON LAW
        
        TRIAL BY JURY
        
        based on custom and comparison
        
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        still in use today in Britain
        
        He gave them money instead of military service for which he paid qualified mercenaries
      - PLANTAGENETS
  - - - conquered England and Harold of Wessex was killed
      - introduced feudal system
        
        carried out a survey of his pieces of land
        
        separated the field of ecclesiastical and civil justice
        
        N of houses, people, cattle and their production
        
        written down in the
        1086 DOMESDAY BOOK
        
        king= only owner of the land granted part of it to the barons in return for services in war
        
        the barons sub-let their lands to the knights. Below there were peasants: yeomen farmers who were given a piece of land to own, villains or freemen that had some land to work but did not owned it and serfs= real slaves bound to the land
        
        He was leader of the army and could demand taxes. He made the laws with the help of advisers and lived in a castle with his followers, who formed the court.