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CHAPTER 7 - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 7
Practical Consideration
Number of scale categories
Number of items to measure concept
Odd or even number of categories
Balanced or unbalanced scale
Forced choice or non-forced choice
Basic measurement techniques
Nominal
Consists of assigning items into groups/categories
Ordinal
The categories have a logical or ordered relationship (rank) to each other
Permits the degrees of difference, but not the specific amount
Interval
Variables are measured on different scales e.g. 1-5, 1-7, 1-10
Also known as rating scale
Able to perform many statistical analysis – means, std deviation, correlation coefficient, regression, ANOVA, factor analysis, multivariate and modeling techniques.
Ratio
Have all the properties of nominal, ordinal and interval scale, and in addition, an absolute meaningful zero point
Physical measurements = height, weight, length = ratio scale
The top level of measurement and can be use for all statistics
Operationalizing Concepts/Variables
Reduction of abstract concepts to observable behavior to render them measurable in a tangible way.
Nebulous variables although cannot be measured by physical means can still be measured
4 steps:
Define the concept that needs to be measured
Think about the content of the measure → develop an instrument (items/questions, 1 or more ) that actually measures the concept
Develop a response format (5/7 point rating scale, – strongly(dis)/agree
Assess the “reliability” and “validity” of the instrument
Advanced Measurement Techniques
Comparative scales
evaluation is not possible without comparison
respondent evaluate/assign a value to an item in comparison with other items
Non-comparative scales
respondent evaluates an item without comparing with other items
Four types frequently used are:
Continuous rating scale
Likert scale
Semantic differential scale
Stapel’s scale
Four types of scaling techniques
Paired comparison scale
Rank order scale
Constant sum scale
Q-sort scale
Characteristics of Good Measurement
Validity – measuring what we are suppose to measure
Test of Validity
Content validity
Face validity
Criterion validity
Construct validity
Reliability – accuracy and precision of measurement procedure
Test of Reliability
Test-retest reliability
Parallel-form reliability
Internal consistency of measures
Inter-item consistency reliability
Split-half reliability
Practicality – concern factors of economy, convenience and interpretability
the measuring instrument ought to be economical, convenient and interpretable
a detailed instruction for administrating the test
scoring keys
evidence about the reliability
guides for using the test and for interpreting the results