Unit 4 - Operational Amplifiers
About
High-gain differential amps
10-10^5 gain
Feedback system
Performance parameters
Gain
Precision of feedback system
Trade-off of gain vs speed and o/p voltage
Know minimum value
Exercises
Nominal Gain Beta
Gain error = (Beta-Av)/Beta
Small-signal BW
Frequency increase, gain decrease
Gain x BW= unity-gain frequency (fu)
Large errors
Output swing
Large
fully-diff op-amps
complementary o/p
doubles swing
Trades with speed
Linearity
Non-linear
differential Id and Vin nonlinear
Distorted O/P
Harmonics
Noise
Minimum signal level
Large dimensions
Bias currents
Trades with Output swing
Connected to noisy supply lines
Supply rejection
noisy input
Fully differential topologies
One-Stage Op-amps
Basic Topologies
Diff I/P, single ended O/P 
Diff I/P, differential O/P
Characteristics
Small-signal, low freq gain
gmn(r0n||r0p) ≤ 10 in nm
BW decided by Load Capacitance
Noise - All transistors