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Poststructuralist and critical theory in sociolinguistics of…

- - - - official language or standard variety becomes the language of hegemonic institutions because both the dominant and subordinated group misrecognize it as a superior language.
      - Woolard, 1998 Ideologies of language are about language alone, but are always socially situated and tied to questions of identity and power in societies.
      - Collins, 1999 political and popular discourse often comes to regard official languages and standard varieties as essentially superior to unofficial languages and non-standard varieties
      - Bourdieu's view of symbolic domination is flawed in that it does not accommodate the possibility for resistance and links the hegemonic power to relative numbers of speakers of a particular variety
        
        Woolard (1985): In local markets, local linguistic variants may be seen as solidarity-based linguistic practices and as a form of opposition to symbolic domination
        
        Woolard (1985): symbolic domination is grounded in the wide acceptance of the value and prestige of a particular linguistic variety
        
        Woolard (1985): there may be several alternative market places which assume different language norms and assign different values to particular language behaviors and linguistic varieties
    - - In contrast, in the context of sociopolitical change, language norms are no longer shared and 'use of language is an extreme awareness of language, a new way of holding conversations that involves the negotiation of language choice in every interaction.
        
        In Quebec, in the context of franchopone resistance to English domination, language choices came to signify a complex set of assumptions about interlocutors' mother tongue, ethnicity, linguistic competence, political position, and even open-mindness and politeness.
        
        frequent breakdowns are a sign that the renegotiation of shared social knowledge and norms of language use was under way in Quebec.
        
        Heller (1992, 1995 a,b) developed a theoretical framework for exploring ways in which language practices and negotiation of identities are bound in power relations.
        
        Language is seen as part of processes of social action and interaction and in particular as a way in which people influence others.
        
        It is a symbolic resource which may be tied to the ability to gain access to, and exercise, power.
        
        Any analysis of language practices needs to examine how conventions of language choice and use are created, maintained, and changed
        
        to see how language ideologies legitimize and validate particular practices
        
        to understand real-world consequences these practices have in people's lives
        
        code-switching needs to be examined not as a unique phenomenon but as a part of a range of linguistic practices which people employ to achieve their goals and challenge symbolic domination (Heller, 1992)
  - - - draws on insights from Bourdieu, Gal, Heller, and Woolard
- - - - (Bammer, 1994a,b; Bhabha, 1990; Brah,
        1996; Hall, 1990)
  - - - location within particular discourses and ideologies of language
      - embeddedness within the relations of power
      - multiplicity, fragmentation, and hybridity
      - the imagined nature of 'new' identities
      - location within particular narrative