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XII - Indian History
BRICKS, BEADS, AND BONES
The Harappan Civilization …
XII - Indian History
BRICKS, BEADS, AND BONES
The Harappan Civilization
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Seals, beads, weights stone blades, baked bricks
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Distinctive pottery, agriculture, pastoralism, no large buildings
ate plants, animals, fish
Wheat 
, barley , lentils , chickpeas ,
Sesame and Millets in Guj
domesticated cattle, sheep , goat , buffalo , pig
wild: boar, deer, gharial (Crocodile)
Agriculture Tech
used bull for ploughing
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Canals in Afganistan, not in Punjab and Sindh (may be silted)
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artifacts
saddle quern
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Terms used
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Melluahas .. Seasurfers, Harappans
Stratigraphy - study of layers of earth for archeological purposes - layers that differ in colour, texture, and artefacts. Layers does not always need to be horizontal
Dilmun - present day - Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar
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- Tracking Social Differences
Burials
Jewellery, copper items buried. But not a big believer of burying precious things with the dead
Luxuries
Few hoards, Gold found - more so in larger settlements
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- Strategies of Procuring Materials
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Lapis lazuli from Shortughai, Afg
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Mesopotaian
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Harappan seals, weights, dice, beads
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- Seals, Scripts, and Weights
Seals and sealing were used for transportation.
Sealing - bag tied with rope and wet clay placed on it. then Tag with seals which carried name and title of owner
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Signs of literacy: writings found on seals, copper tools, jar rims, copper and terracotta tablets, signboard, bone rods, perishable materials
Weights
Chert: stone used for measurement, cubical with no markings.
denominations in binary: 1,2,4,8,16,32 ... 12,800
uniformity in seals, weights, and bricks
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palaces and kings
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:question: everyone enjoyed equal power, no ruler
:question: No single ruler but several rulers. Mohenjodaro had a ruler, Harappa had a ruler etc.
:check: Possibly a single state due to uniformity in bricks and establishments of settlements around raw sources
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- Discovering the Harappan Civilization
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Early Indian Archeology
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80,000 Middle Palaeolithic
35,000 Upper Palaeolithic
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6,000 Chalcolithic (first use of copper)
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1000 BCE Early iron, megalithic burials
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