Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Psychopathology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - real world application : useful in diagnosis (e.g. IDD) and assessment (e.g. BDI for depression)
      - unusual characteristics can be positive: some unusual characteristics would not be judged abnormal
      - evaluation extra :benefits versus problems: some people with low IQ function adequately and don't benefit from being labels (social stigma)
  - - - real world application: used to diagnose some disorder e.g. antisocial and schizotypal personality disorder.
      - cultural and situational relativism: different standards, therefore hard to make social judgements (e.g. hearing voices).
      - evaluation extra: human rights abuses: social norms approach maintains control over minority groups, e.g. women (nymphomania) and slaves (draptomania), but useful e.g. for antisocial personality disorder.
  - - - represents a threshold for help : provides a way to identify when someone needs professional help.
      - discrimination and social control: may lead to people living non- standard lifestyles being judged as abnormal.
      - evaluation extra; failure to function can be normal: most of us experience such failure e.g bereavement, but this may require help.
  - - - a comprehensive definition: includes most of the reasons anyone might seek help.
      - may be culture bound: some ideas e.g. self actualisation are specific to western cultures, and independence varies within western cultures.
      - evaluation extra: extremely high standards: few people ever meet them, but useful as a goal for mental health.
- - - - real world application; phobias successfully treated by preventing avoidance, as suggested by the model.
      - cognitive aspects of phobias: fails to account for cognitive aspects of phobias, e.g. irrational fears.
      - phobias and traumatic experiences: 73% of people with a dental phobia had past trauma, and in a control group, only 21% had past trauma. however, not all cases of phobias follow bad experiences and vice versa.
      - learning and evolution: two- prosses model explains individual phobias, but evolutionary approach explains general aspects of phobias.
  - - - evidence of effectiveness: more effective than relaxation alone after 33 months (Gilroy) and effective for a range of phobias (Wechsler)
      - people with lerinng disabilities: SD best - cognitive therapy requires rational thinking, flooding is traumatic.
      - SD in virtual reality: avoids dangerous situation and cost effective but lack realism (Wechsler)
  - - - cost effective : clinically effective and not expensive. may only take 1-3 sessions
      - traumatic: rated as more stressful than systematic sensitisation , lack of informed consent and higher attrition rates.
      - symptom substitution: occurs if the cause of the phobia is not tackled, someone with a phobia looses one through flooding but gains or inflated another existing phobia
- - - - research support: research shows cognitive vulnerability proceeds depression (Clark and Beck , Cohen et al in teens)
      - real world application : identify cognitive vulnerability to screen those at risk of depression, then target variabilities with CBT.
      - a partial explanation: explains patterns of cognition, but cannot easilty explain extremes of anger or hallucinations and dilutions
  - - - real world application : irrational thoughts can be identified and challenged by a therapist
      - reactive and endogenous depression ; only explains reactive depression, does not explain cases that do not have activating events.
      - ethical issues: ABC moel places the balance on the depressed perosn (victim blaming ) but therapy derived from the model (REBT) does create resilience.
  - - - evidence for efectiveness: CBT is effective is as effectisve as antidepressants , most effective combined
      - suitability for diverse clients: may not be suitable for severe cases of depression or for people with earning difficulties. however newer evidence suggests that CBT is as effective as drugs or behavioural therapies and is suitable for those with learning disabilities.
      - relapse rates: benefits are usually short term - 42% relapsed after 6 moths and 53% within a year (Ali et al ).
      - client preference : CBT is effective, at least short term but sometimes clients prefer to take medications or explore their past traumas to explain depression rather than superficially tackle it with no in depth analyses.
- - - - research support: 68% MZ twins and 31% of DZ have OCD , OCD 4 times more likely if you have a family member with it .
      - environmental risk factors: over half OCD clients in one sample experienced a traumatic event , and OCD was more severe.
      - animal studies: candidate genes have been found in mice , but can be generalise between humans and animals.
  - - - research support antidepressants that work on the serotonin system elevate OCD, biological conditions (prisons or example) have similar symptoms to OCD.
      - no unique neural system: the apparent serotonin- OCD link may just be co -morbidity with depression- the depression directs serotonin.
      - correlation and causality: dysfunction of neural systems may cause ocd but most evidence is correlational , so could be vice versa.
  - - - evidence of effectiveness: 17 studies are showed SSRI's more effective than placebos. however psychological therapies alone are likely to be more effective than drugs for OCD.
      - cost effective and non disruptive: relatively cheap for NHS and don't involve time spent going to therapy sessions.
      - serious side - effects : SSRIs may lead to indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive, worse for clomipramine
      - biased evidence: drug researchers sponsored by drug companies , biased results, but still best available evidence and psychological therapies research may be biased too