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U4: C4- Factors leading to Indonesia independence - Coggle Diagram
U4: C4- Factors leading to Indonesia independence
Japanese occupation
Encouraged Indonesian nationalism, and revolt against Dutch colonial rule
Provided an opportunity for Indonesia to declare independence for themselves
Indonesia's resistance to Dutch reoccupation
Battle of Surabaya
Kickstarted when Dutch raised Netherlands flag at the hotel they lodged at- Republican government saw it as disrespect and contempt
Under British led SEA Command (SEAC), British soldiers mobilised to fight Indonesians and restore order. Pemuda then declared war on British and Dutch
Due to escalating violence, both parties agreed to resolve through negotiations
Linggadjati Agreement
Dutch considered recognising Indonesia as independent, but as a large federal state, known as United States of Indonesia (USI)
But the Republic had already proclaimed independence as a unitary state, thus wanted others to join, but not as an equal partner
Dutch recognised govt as the de facto authority
Made both parties realise they cannot agree on matters related top independence
Lack of trust between negotiators led to a delay in the endorsement, leading to discontentment and distrust- led to sporadic fighting in form of guerilla warfare
1st and 2nd Police Actions
1st Action
21July-Aug1947, to restore order and dive out guerilla fighters
Wanted to regain control over properties to revive own economy
Caused federal states to form in favour of the Dutch- Dutch also used this to organise ethnic groups against each other (Divide and Rule)
UN stepped in as middleman and tried to negotiate a solution
Renville Agreement
Dutch territorial gains recognised
Survey to be conducted in Java and Sumatra to find out whether the Indonesians wanted to join Republic of Indonesian
Dutch could still work towards formation of federal states
2nd Action
Began in Dec 1948, to destroy Republic, capture top leadership in Republic and remove criminal elements Republic unable to solve
Cold War Influences and role of USA
Influx on refugees in Central Java, forcing Republic to introduce austerity measures, devastating Republic controlled areas
Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) took advantage and launched a revolt against Republic, known as the Maduin Revolt
Sukarno managed to quell the threat, arrested and killed all Indonesian communist leaders
USA's View to Communist threat
Impressed with Sukarno's ability to quell communism, gave their support to Republic
As Dutch was seeking help from USA, gave USA political leverage over Dutch
When 2nd Police Action came into play, UN brought both parties for negotiation
Round Table Conference
Formal recognition of Republic of Indonesia on 17 Aug 1945
Renamed Republic of United States of Indonesia
Through 1950, the federal states voluntarily merged with RUSI, forming Republic of Indonesia once again