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:pencil2: PART THREE :pencil2: Data …
:pencil2: PART THREE :pencil2: Data
Data is the lifeblood of research, it connects theory to practice. Data makes research empirical, and it is highly valued because it represents something outside our opinions and ourselves.
Popular data collection instruments are conversation transcriptions, criterion-referenced tests, delphi technique, diaries or journals, observation, placement tests, questionnaires, etc.
One way of looking at the form a questionnaire can take: administration, this could take the form of a paper and pencil test.
A questionnaire is an appropriate instrument for collecting data on what your students think about certain issues, however, a low response rate is the main hazard of questionnaire research.
To avoid problems in the creation and application of questionnaires, the preparation, design, and analysis of the questionnaire must be taken into account.
Steps to make your own questionnaire
1.Define the construct, the concept you are investigating
Investigate any theory that describes the construct of interest
Review any previous questionnaires you can find which purport to measure the same or
similar construct.
4.Decide on practical requirements for your questionnaire, such as the optimal number of
items.
Decide what type of data you want.
Interview types
Standard interviews
: consist of structured, semi-structured, and group, while non-standard interviews consist of group, ethnographic, life history, informal, and conversation/eavesdropping interviews.
Non-Standard interviews:
In the non-standard category, a group interview entails interviewing several people at the same time, for example, students who have a common characteristic, such as leadership, failure, or academic problems.
Advantages of interviewing
:Interviewing may also be considered user-friendly because it does not presuppose any statistical analysis, which could be an advantage for instructors without statistical training, for interviews, such as students and other teachers, are often available and willing to talk
How to calculate interview reliability
Reliability = agreement/(agreement + disagreement)
Some sources of unreliability
1. The interviewer
: The interviewer, either individually or as part of a team, comes to the interview with a set of beliefs and assumptions that has to be taken into consideration.
Reliability strategy
To identify possible sources of bias, you should write down your thoughts
about your topic, or if you have developed a set of questions, answer the questions.
2. The questions
The questions themselves, depending on the type of interview, may be a
source of unreliability over time because as the investigation proceeds, they may change.
Reliability strategy
Strategies for using consistent or reliable questions include writing them
out and reading them to respondents while allowing for follow-up questions that are unscripted.
3. Respondents
Individuals being interviewed represent several potential sources of interview
unreliability.
Reliability strategies
To expand the number of respondents to see if the data remain constant, to randomly sample different, and to actively seek those who disagree with the data you are receiving.
Data base in observation
Structured observation is classroom observation using previously defined categories. In some cases, an observation form is given to the observer with instructions to note when, how often, or examples of classroom activities that in the observer’s opinion exemplify the category.
Teacher Diary A teacher diary, as used in this chapter, is a log or journal written primarily by a teacher after a class session is over
DATA FROM DIARIES AND JOURNALS: I propose the global term journal writing, which would be composed of three categories: dialog journals, defined as student-to-teacher writing; teacher journals, defined as teachers (or teachers in training) writing to a senior teacher or to each other; and diary journals defined as someone writing to herself :
TEACHER JOURNALS (TJs)
A Teaching Journal requires not only a teacher but also students (otherwise it would be classified as a Diary Journal), and the students may be other teachers, graduate students, graduate-level or late-stage undergraduate native English speakers or non-native English speakers (otherwise it would be classified as a Dialog Journal).
DIALOG JOURNALS (DJs) Genesee and Upshur (1996) define a journal as a written conversation between students and teachers, while Ogane (1997) defines a dialog journal as a private written conversation between two persons.
DIARY JOURNALS (DJs) You will recall that a diary journal is a document maintained by an individual writing a report to himself or herself on some topic area, such as learning a language or teaching a course.