Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
LEAD POISONING - Coggle Diagram
LEAD POISONING
Sources
Lead-acid batteries. eg: abandoned electric fence, car or tractor batteries.
Abandoned or burned building materials, electricle wiring or vehicles.
Waste dumps
Bonfires and bonfire ash
Lead paint or sealants especially old paintworks.
Lead flashing and water pipes especially when eroded
Lead shot
Sump oil
Contaminated feed materials, straights and mixed diets on farms,
Clinical signs
Acute lead poisoning
Clinical signs that appear within 24–48 hours of exposure
ataxia, blindness, salivation, spastic twitching of eyelids, jaw champing, bruxism, muscle tremors, and convulsions
Subacute lead poisoning
anorexia, rumen stasis, colic, dullness, and transient constipation, frequently followed by diarrhea, blindness, head pressing, bruxism, hyperesthesia, and incoordination.
Chronic lead poisoning
Many features in common with acute or subacute lead poisoning. Impairment of the swallowing reflexes frequently contributes to development of aspiration pneumonia. Embryotoxicity and poor semen quality may contribute to infertility.
Differential diagnosis
polio encephalomalacia
nervous coccidiosis
tetanus
hypovitaminosis A
History
In December 2009 a small dairy cattle herd of Holstein-bred in suburb of Mashhad, Iran was diagnosed with lead poisoning.
The farm had been reestablished by introducing 25 cattles.
In the past months, recycling activity has been done at the place of fodder storage.
Two weeks after entrance, 10 cattle showed clinical signs, 5 dead and others saved after chelating therapy.
Physical examination finding
Bellowing, rolling eyes, frothy mouth
Poor body condition score, paralysis, nasal discharge
Treatment
vitamin B1 injections – to work on damage done to the central nervous system
magnesium sulphate (Epsom salt) drenches – absorb lead from particles in the gut
chelating agents – to increase the rate at which lead is eliminated from the body.
Pathogenesis/Pathophysiology
1.Absorbed lead enters the blood and soft tissues and eventually redistributes to the bone.
The degree of absorption and retention is influenced by dietary factors such as calcium or iron levels.
In ruminants, particulate lead lodged in the reticulum slowly dissolves and releases significant quantities of lead.
Lead has a profound effect on sulfhydryl-containing enzymes, the thiol content of erythrocytes, antioxidant defenses, and tissues rich in mitochondria, which is reflected in the clinical syndrome.
-In addition to the cerebellar hemorrhage and edema associated with capillary damage, lead is also irritating, immunosuppressive, gametotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and toxic to the hematopoietic system.
Prevention and control / Client education
Avoid any areas on farm that could contain lead (such as farm rubbish dumps, old car/machinery bodies, painted surfaces, sump oil-treated posts, battery piles, vehicle sheds)
Remove all lead resources that are present at the farm
Securely fencing off lead sources from livestock