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Quantitative Research - Coggle Diagram

- - - - interviews
        
        personal interviews
        
        focus group
        
        telephone interviews
      - questionnaires: open-ended for free responses while closed-ended (fixed alternative) like likert-type questions, ranking items, scaled item, semantic scale, semantic differential scale
        
        directly administered questionnaires
        
        e-mail survey
        
        mailed questionnaires
        
        internet survey
    - - field tested to verify accuracy of data gathered
        
        field pretest
        
        pilot test
    - - statistical analysis
      - results interpretation
      - coding data
      - report findings
  - - - face validity
        
        cursory review of survey items
        
        matter of appearances
      - content validity
        
        organized review of survey's content
      - criterion-related validity
        
        predictive
        
        concurrent
      - construct validity
        
        how meaningful
        
        consistent
    - - degree of stability if measured repeatedly
      - degree of consistency -r value (correlation coefficient)
  - - - longitudinal survey
        
        gather information at different points of time to study changes
        
        types of design
        
        panel studies
        
        same subjects being surveyed several times- investigate individuals' behavioral changes and its reasons
        
        trend studies
        
        different individuals randomly from same general population being surveyed as intervals of time- results is considered as representative of population
        
        cohort research
        
        specific population is followed for a length of time with different random samples studied at various points
      - cross-sectional survey
        
        study sample at a single point of a time
    - - focus
        
        simple tabulations of tangibles
        
        measures intangibles
        
        required skills
        
        proper sampling
        
        identify appropriates measures
        
        use scores to make meaningful statements about variables studied
      - scope
        
        entire population (census)
        
        portions of population (sample survey)
- - - - receive new treatment
    - - other group involved in experiment
      - receive equal treatment for all variables that may influence Dv
    - - must be control as might affect DV scores
        
        participants variable (characteristics)
        
        environmental variables (experience)
      - way to control
        
        selection and assignment
        
        randomized matching
        
        homogeneous matching
        
        analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
    - - extraneous variable that does indeed influence the dependent variable
  - - - A vs B
    - - A vs no A
    - - little A vs many A
  - - - single-variable designs (one IV is manipulated)
      - factorial designs (2 or more but at least one is manipulated)
    - - Pre experimental (little/ no control on extraneous variables)
        
        one-shot case study
        
        no random assignments of subjects to groups
        
        one-group pretest-posttest design
        
        3 steps:
        
        administer pretest measuring DV
        
        apply experimental treatment X to subjects
        
        administer posttest, measure DV again
        
        compare pretest and posttest scores
        
        static group comparison
        
        not randomly assign
        
        no pretest involved
        
        use 2 or more preexisting/ intact group, only 1 exposed for treatment
      - True experimental (best investigate causal relationship)
        
        Randomized subjects, posttest-only control group design
        
        no pretest used
        
        randomized subjects, pretest-posttest control group design
        
        administer pretest on DV
        
        treatment only on experimental subjects after 2 groups are measured on DV
        
        compare both posttest scores
        
        Solomon three-group design
        
        can address pretesting threat
        
        Solomon four group design
        
        more rigorous control of threats
      - Quasi experimental (when cannot randomly assign)
        
        Nonrandomized control group, pretest-posttest design
        
        counterbalanced design
        
        rotates groups at intervals during experiment
  - - - internal validity
        
        concerned with threats/ factors other than IV that affect DV
        
        threats may come from:
        
        selection bias
        
        mortality
        
        selection-maturation interaction
        
        experimenter effect
        
        history
        
        maturation
        
        testing (pretest sensitization)
        
        instrumentation
        
        statistical regression
        
        subject effect (Hawthorne effect)
      - external validity
        
        concerned regarding groups & setting beyond those of experiment
        
        type of threats
        
        threats to population validity
        
        threats to ecological validity
- - - - +ve sign shows one variables increases other also increases
      - -ve sign shows one variables increases, other decreases
    - - +ve or -ve linear
      - zero
      - curvilinear
    - - +1.00 is perfect positive relationship
      - 0 shows no relationship
      - -1.00 shows perfect negative relationship
- - - - confidence interval
      - p-value
        
        more than 0.05, support null hypothesis
        
        less than 0.005, reject null hypothesis
      - correlation coefficient
    - - Pearson Correlation
      - Spearman correlation
      - Multiple Regression
      - ANOVA
      - Chi Square