Developmental Psychology
Science is useful when we study people
Researchers follow 5 steps: Curiosity, hypothesis, test, analyze data and draw conclusions, Report the results.
Since we study humans no study will exactly duplicate another.
Nature refers to the influence of the genes that people inherit.
Nuture refers to the environmental influences begining with health ,diet, and stress of the future persons mother at conception and continuing lifelong including experiences in the family , school, community and action.
Development study is a science , theories, data ,analysis, critical thinking ,and sound methodology.
Ecological Systems
Microsystem
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem
mesosystem
Critical Period- a crucial time when certain events( either biological or social) must occur in order for development to proceed normally.
Time is a crucial variable ,everyone changes with age.
psycological stages
Sigmund Freud Development (psychosexual)
Erik Erickson (psychosocial)
Developmental Theory a group of ideas and assumptions and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth.
Genetic code
Behaviorism is also called a learning theory it emphasizes the learning process: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning.
Classical conditioning learning occurs through association
Operant Conditioning learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment.
Social Learning learning occurs through modeling what others do.
anal stage
Oral stage
latency
phallic stage
genital stage
Freud believed the genital stage last throughout adulthood. He also said that the goal of a healthy life is to love and to work.
trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intamacy vs isolation
generatively vs stagnation
Quantative Research : research that provides data that can be expresses with numbers such was ranks or scales.
Qualitative Research: research that considers qualities instead of quantities and hence includes narratives and other aspects of development that express individuality.
Genetic variations occur in many ways from the chromosomes of the parent to the epigenetic material surrounding the zygote and the microbiome of every body part.
Humans have 23 chromosomes 46 in all half from each parent,
direct the manufacture of proteins needed for life and growth .
Genes are the foundation for all developments.Every gene is situated a precise location on a particular chromosome.
Zygote the single cell formed from the union of two games a sperm and an ovum.
Gamete a reproductive cell the sperm and one each contain 23 chromosomes so the zygote will contain 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
Siblings are not alike they are different their microbiomes and more with the exception of monozygotic twins.
Dizygotic twins twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by tow separate sperm at roughly the same time.
Monozygotic twins twins that originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development( multiple births can occur such as triplets.)
Gene Disorders are most common,Eveyone carries a dozen or more alleles that could produce disease or disabilities in the next generation, most genes have no serious consequences because they are rare and excessive.
Serious Recessive diseases can become common if carriers have a health advantage.
Prenatal development and Birth
First 2 weeks of prenatal growth the single celled zygote multiplies more than 100 cells that will eventually form both the placenta and the embryo
Early prenatal care has its benefits . Early care protects fetal growth. and still many women do n to get the preventative care they need.
Anoxia a lack of oxygen that if prolonged can cause brain damage.
Low birth weight can be caused my Mal nutrition which is the most common, second is drug use, third is multiple birth.
low birth weight can be a problem for years after baby is born, and every development milestone can be affected.
postpartum depression gradually disappears with appropriate help , fathers can be crucial in baby care or they can expierience depression themselves. new borns have 3 sets fo reflexes that aid survival
low birth weight a body weight at birth less than 5 1/2 pounds
extremely low birth weight a body weight at less than 2 pounds 3 ounces
Very low birth weight a body birth weight of less than 3 pounds 5 ounces.
Reflex is an involuntary response to a particular stimuli the strength of a reflex varies from one newborn to teh next depending on genes, drugs , in the bloodstream , and overall health
Reflexes that maintain oxygen supply the breathing reflex begins even before the umbilical cord with its supply of oxygen is cut.
Reflexes that manage feelings.
Reflexes that maintain constant body temp.
Prenatal Development
The fetal period
Birth
The Embryonic period
The Germinal period
Prenatal growth of the brain happens 25 days after conception
integrity vs despair
Evolution Theory is becoming foundation of modern psychology and of developmental psychology. Theory has lead to new hypotheses and provocative ideas relavant to human development.