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Origins of Deaf Learning in America - Coggle Diagram
Origins of Deaf Learning in America
Deaf Education Washington, DC
Edward Miner Gallaudet
President of Gallaudet University
Established a "normal" department
taught hearing people how to teach deaf students
retired at age 73
worked to establish a vocational school for black children
moved back to Hartford after wife's death
Sophia Fowler
Enrolled in American School for the Deaf
Later was proposed to by THG
Married and had four sons and daughters
Thomas Gallaudet
Founded the Saint Ann's Church of the Deaf
Edward Gallaudet
president of the Columbia Institution
Later the National Deaf-Mute College
Matron of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind
One of the first deaf lobbyists
Amos Kendall
Approached by a man claiming to want to start a school for the deaf and blind
He provided an estate for the school to be established on
He later found out that the children were being abused and neglected
Edward Miner Gallaudet visited Kendall in hopes of creating a better institution
Kendall agreed to it, providing land
This land is now Gallaudet University
Also became the Laurent Clerc Center
An elementary school opened June 13, 1857
had 12 deaf and six blind children
Education for deaf and blind students was a priority
Signing Deaf Education
Laurent Clerc
First deaf teacher of the deaf in America
Jean Massieu was his first deaf teacher
they became lifelong friends
He studied at the Royal National Institution for the Deaf-Mutes
Went on to teach at the highest level here
Was approached by THG in 1816
they became lifelong friends too
Asked him to teach at the American School for the Deaf
he became the head teacher
retired at age 73
had taught for over 50 years
Alice Cogswell
First student to enroll at Connecticut Asylum at Hartford
A statue of her and THG is on the campus of American School for the Deaf
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
Taught Alice Cogswell, realizing that deaf individuals can learn just as hearing people can
He learned sign language
Alice learned signs quickly, and so did other kids
He visited Europe to learn more techniques for teaching deaf students
Spoke of combining the French and English teaching modalities
Studied at the Royal National Institution for the Deaf-mutes
Learned sign language with Massieu and Clerc
Convinced Clerc to come back with him to America to open a school
April 15, 1817: The Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb Persons was opened
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Was the principal of the school until 1830
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Mainstream Education
Charles Green
In 1780, he enrolled in Braidwood Academy
mastered speech and signs
impressed his father, Francis Green, with his mastery
his father became interested in deaf ed
After Charles died, Francis founded a free school for the deaf in London
the school taught using sign language
Translated l'Epee's book
Education of the Deaf
into English
Cobbs School
First known school for the deaf in America
First known record, 1700s
Samuel Edge paid double tuition for his son to attend mainstream ed
Martha's Vineyard
People had been signing here since 1817
Johnathan Lambert
first deaf person on island
incidence of being deaf
Chilmark: 1 in 25
Squibnocket: 1 in 4
Martha's vineyard: 1 in 155
United States: 1 in 6,000
Treatment of Deaf People
Sign language was used by almost everyone
Hearing people used sign language with ease
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language has likely merged into ASL
AISL was in use long before ASL
The Wampanoags used sign language
used it to barter, hunt, plant
The Chief's stepson was deaf and used sign to communicate
women used it in presence of elders
Full accessibility on the island
Communication was not a problem
Viewed as normal
Oral Deaf Education
Alexander Graham Bell
huge supporter of the oral method of instruction
taught at Boston Day School
affiliated with School of Oratory at Boston University
Organized the American Association to promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf
Now the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
considered deaf people to be defective
interest in Eugenics
advocated for
deaf people not being allowed to be teachers
prohibition of deaf people marrying
the sterilization of deaf people
His goal
to eradicate language and culture of deaf people
integrate deaf people into hearing society
he did not publish his findings
honorary president of Second International Congress of Eugenics
founded the National Geographic Society
Bernard Engelsman
1867: founded The New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes
renamed Lexington School for the Deaf
originated oral education in America
First Day School in America
Horace Mann School
Used the oral method of instruction