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Chapter 4 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 4
Application of automation & ICT
Effect of automation & ICT in textile industries
Improving productivity
Increasing production
Avoiding reprocessing and improving the productivity
By avoiding manual error it improves the quality of product and hence productivity.
Objectives
to provide accessible information for every sector of a plant for efficient management of the various stages of production
to provide facilities for planning and control at strategic points – for decision makers
(I) CIMs in spinning - available for monitoring and/or controlling practically all yarn production
(II) CIMs in weaving - electronic dobby and jacquard heads, (automatic pick finding, and needle selection etc.) these machines are the most easily integrated into computer networks
(III) CIMs in sizing
Sizing machine control systems provide a tool for management
(IV) CIMs in textile dyeing and printing - Programmable process control (by microprocessors) of the machinery
(VI) CIMs in E-Governance
(V) CIMs in E-Commerce/E-tailing/E-marketing
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA
set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the functioning of a product or service system throughout its life cycle.
Types
environmental labeling for which product environmental criteria shall be based on indicators arising from life cycle considerations‖ (ISO 14024:1999),
self-declared environmental claims (ISO 14021:1999
environtmental declarations (ISO/TR 14025:2000
Phases
Goal and scope definition - decisions concerning the purpose of the LCA; what it covers
Inventory analysis - gathering data on the environmental burdens
Impact assessment
Interpretation - to review and, if appropriate, revise the scope of the study by considering the results
Impacts
manufacturing the yarn
cutting and making the final product,
maintaining the product during use and
disposal or recycling
THE T-SHIRT LIFE CYCLE
RAW MATERIALS & PROCESSING
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
MANUFACTURING
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
PACKAGING
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
CONSUMER USE & DISPOSAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
Water crisis and the chance to act now:
Estimates are that by 2025, 40% of the world population will face water shortages;
Agriculture accounts for 70% of water withdrawals on average
Characteristics of textile effluent
Temperature, too high or too low
TDS from 50 mg/L to over 6000 mg/L
Grey in colour (pretreatment process)
pH (9-11) can affect the proper functioning of both anaerobic and aerobic organisms
Categories of wastewater treatment
Purification for domestic use
To produce clean, safe and even tasteful drinking water from raw water that may consist of a murky liquid pumped from a polluted source
Treatment of water for industrial use
Major uses in industries – boiler feed water & cooling water
Treatment of water acceptable for release or reuse
Preliminary treatment
Screen out or separate debris to protect the pumping and other equipment in the treatment plant
Actual Treatment:
Primary waste treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment/Final treatment/Advanced treatment
Methods employed
Biological method
Running costs are low
Products of complete mineralization – not toxic
very small scale
Bioremediation – the use of biological organisms to solve an environmental problem
Sludge treatment:
To stabilise the sludge
Remove water and reduce volume (untreated : 97% water)
Shortcomings - Excessive chemicals used – possible secondary pollution arise
Strategies in Textile Industries: Waste Management System
waste
A measure of inefficiency
Products we are too “stupid” to use??
WASTE MINIMISATION
Is the process and the policy of reducing the amount of waste produced by a person or a society
Advantages
Reduce raw material cost
Reduce transportation, processing and finished product cost
Reduce cost of waste disposal
4 stages of waste minimisation
Reduction of pollution at source
Recycling/reuse waste streams that cannot be
avoided
Treating unavoidable waste streams after
recycling/reuse possibilities have been exhausted
Ultimate disposition of residual waste
Objectives
Lower risks associated with particular hazards
Lower demand for waste treatment processing capacity, thus lower costs associated with waste treatment
Less risk to the environment and hence lower liability in this context
Waste Minimisation Hierachy (3 R’s + D)
1st Stage : Reduction at pollution source
2nd Stage : Recycling & Reuse
3rd Stage : Effective Treatment of Waste Stream
4th Stage : Ultimate disposal of Residual Waste
STRATEGIES IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES
Conservation and 3Rs
Water - Textile industries are major user of water
i.e. 50 – 300 litre /kg of material
reducing use of fresh water, through technological or social methods
sustainability
energy conservation
habitat conservation
Water recycling/ reclaiming:
Recycling is used to describe the repeated use of processed water
Water reuse:
water used without intermediate cleansing
CONSERVATION and 3Rs
CHEMICAL
Chemical substitution
cleaning agents, surfactants, defoamers, lubricants, carriers and other chemical specialties
Size Recovery
The recovery of these chemicals has great pollution prevention opportunities
Caustic Recovery
Benefits of caustic recovery are a reduced alkalinity of the wastewater and reduced chemical consumption
Heat and Energy Recovery
Energy
Nuclear Energy
The energy that is trapped inside each atom.
Nuclear Fission
Fission is a process when an atom's nucleus splits apart
Nuclear Energy Plant
Geothermal Energy
Solar Energy
Biomass Energy
Wind Energy
Hydro Energy
Ocean/ Tidal Energy