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Principles of child development - Coggle Diagram
Principles of child development
Principle 1- development sequence is similar for all
• Children develop in relatively the same ways
• There is a typical sequence of development that occurs as a child grows
• While the sequence is similar, and the behaviours or skills emerge in the same order, children can take more or less time with each behaviour or skill.
• Development is Sequential:
• Most psychologists agree that development is sequential or orderly. Every species, whether animal or human, follows a pattern of development peculiar to it. This pattern in general is the same for all individuals. The child crawls before he creeps, stands before he walks and babbles before he talks.
• Development occurs in a relatively orderly sequence, with later abilities, skills, and knowledge building on those already acquired
Principle 2- development proceeds from general to specific
• Development progresses from a beginning point moving in a forward direction.
• Just as growth of an infant proceeds from the top down and from the centre of the body to the limbs, development of behaviours and skills moves from general to specific.
• Development continues in the smaller muscles in the fingers and toes, and results in the ability of the fingers to grasp objects and the toes to help with balance when standing and walking.
• it makes from a generalized to localized behaviour. In studying the development pattern of children, it is observed that general activity always precedes specific activity.
• Example : The earliest emotional responses of the new born are generally diffused excitement and this slowly gives way to specific emotional patterns of anger, joy, fear, etc.
• Babies wave their arms in general, random movements before they are capable of such specific responses as reaching for an object held before them.
• In all areas of development, general activity always precedes specific activity. For example, the fetus moves its whole body but is incapable of making specific responses. With respect to emotional behaviour infants approach strange and unusual objects with some sort of general fear response.
Principle 3- development is a continuous process
• In children who develop typically, behaviours and skills as they perfect have already acquired become the basis for new behaviours and skills.
• Children continue to add new behaviours and skills as they perfect their abilities to walk, to write or draw, and to speak.
• The continuation of development can easily be seen in children as they mature from age to age twelve.
• Development does not stop at any time. It continues from the moment of conception until the individual reach’s maturity. It takes place at a slow or a rapid rate but at a regular pace rather than by leaps and bounds. There may be a break in the continuity of growth due to illness, starvation or malnutrition or other environmental factors or some abnormal conditions in the child’s life.
• The process of growth and development continues from the conception till the individual reach’s maturity. Development of both physical and mental traits continues gradually until these traits reach their maximum growth. It goes on continuously throughout life. Even after maturity has been attained, development does not end.
Principle 4- development proceeds at varying rates
• Each child is different and the rates at which individual children develop are different.
• Although the sequences for development are usually the same for all children, the rates at which individual children reach each stage will be different.
• Development is never uniform, but it is constant.
• Rate of development is not uniform. Individuals differ in the rate of growth and development. Boys and girls have different development rates. Each part of the body has its own particular rate of growth. There are periods of great intensity and equilibrium and there are periods of imbalance.
• Every child is unique with an individual temperature, learning style, family background, and patterns and growth timing.
• Boys and girls have different development rates. Each part of the body has its own particular rate of growth. There are periods of great intensity and equilibrium and there are periods of imbalance.
Principle 5- all areas of development are interrelated
• Development in children is interrelated.
• There are several examples in principles 1 through 4 that show how the body has to grow and develop before new behaviours and skills can occur.
• These five domains of development influences development in other areas.
• Most Traits are Correlated in Development:
• Generally, it is seen that the child whose mental development is above average, is also superior in so many other aspects like health, sociability and special aptitudes.
• Development in one domain influences and is influenced by development in other domains
Principle 6- development involves changes
• Development involves a progressive series of changes. The human being is never static.
• From the moment of beginning to the time of death, the person is undergoing changes.
• Nature shapes development most clearly through genetic programming that may determine whole sequences of later development. it refers to a progressive series of orderly coherent changes increasing in size and structure. Development implies both quantitative and qualitative changes.
• Development brings about both structural and functional changes.
Principle 7- Development is a product of interaction of the heredity and environment
• Child at any stage of his growth and development is a joint product of both heredity and environment. But it is not possible to indicate exactly in what proportion heredity and environment contribute to the development of an individual.
• Development and learning result from interaction of biological maturation and the environment
Principle 8- development is gradual
• It does not come all of a sudden. It is also cumulative in nature.
Development progresses in a step-by-step fashion
Principle 9. Development is Predictable:
The difference in physiological and psychological potentialities can ‘be predicated by observation and psychological tests.
Principle 10. There is a Constant Interaction Between All Factors of Development:
Development in one area is highly related to development in other areas. For example, a child who has a good health can be active socially and intellectually.