Earliest Known History of Deaf People
Expansion of Deaf Education
Deaf People in Ancient Times
Deaf People in the Renaissance (A.D.1400-1600)
Deaf People in Biblical Times (700 B.C.- A.D. 400)
In Europe and France
Deaf People in the Middle Ages (A.D. 400-1400)
Treatment of Deaf People
Overlooked
Survival of the fittest
Treatment of Deaf People
Accepted in Society?
Evolution of Speech
Treatment of Deaf People
Accepted in Society?
Accepted in Society?
Gestures
had the right to bear children
were more accepted into high society
belief that being deaf meant a lack of intelligence was denounced
Yes!
Most likely killed or abandoned
Directional gestures like pointing
Identified people, places, things
evolved into grunts and sounds
Created speech
Sign language and gestures theorized to help create verbal speech
Yes by the Greeks
Socrates' statement
"Suppose we had no voice or tongue, and wanted to indicate objects to one another, should we not, like the deaf and dumb, make signs with the hands, head and the rest of the body?"
Somewhat by Hebrews
Disabilities are a fact of life
Yes by Christians
Excluded from church
On the basis of Romans 10:17
Did not give same rights to deaf individuals
Aristotle disagreed
"Those who are born deaf all become senseless and incapable of reasoning."
Differentiated b/w born deaf and hearing lost later in life
prelingually deaf and born deaf
postlingually deaf
Given more rights
Could own property
Treated like children
Believed to be easily tricked
Any deaf individual could not participate fully in temple
He received a lot of backlash
Meaning of quote questioned over time
Believed hearing is the main contributor to intelligence
Somewhat by the Romans
thought to be insane
committed to asylums
thought to be deaf as a result of demonic possession
Viewed as heathens by Christians
belief that they could not be saved by God
Deaf people should have special attention and protection
Differentiated b/w born deaf and losing hearing later on
Justinian Code (A.D. 528)
"Deaf but not dumb, deaf from birth"
"Deaf, from an accident"
"Deaf and Dumb not from birth"
"Dumb, born or became dumb"
"Deaf and Dumb from birth"
believed to not be able to learn, deaf and mute
had privileges if they could still write
hard of hearing
still has all legal rights
mute individual
little to no privileges
still used speech
still uses speech
given some rights if can read and write
Not by Christians
Subjected to horrible experiments
thought being deaf was a milady to be cured
had various liquids poured into their ears
people became more interested in teaching deaf individuals
Monks used signs from their "Vow of Silence" to teach children
taught to read and write
recognized as people of ability
education still only available for rich and royal
Juan Fernandez X. Navaretta, born deaf and mute
El Mudo: "the mute one"
Court painter for King Phillip II
Ponce de Leon taught Pedro and Francisco de Velasco
Early Education Offerings (1600-1700)
opportunities for learning greatly expanded
William Holder and John Wallis considered the first teachers of deaf ppl
1680: Didascalocophus published, written by George Dalgarno
1628: Treatise on the Nature of Bodies published
Henry Baker opened first school for the deaf in England
1620: The Simplification of Letters and the Art of Teaching the Mute to Speak published
Spread the idea that deaf people could be taught
Holder
Elements of Speech with an Appendix Concerning People, Deaf &Dumb
Wallis
Grammar of English for Foreigners with an Essay on Speech or the Formulation of Sounds
Early childhood learning advocate
created his version of a fingerspelling alphabet
kept teaching methods secret
published Motion of Fingers
Industrial Revolution
Private schools opened for deaf children
believed deaf people were indeed capable of intelligence
teachers were still secretive about their methods
Abbe de l'Epee was different
Opened the first school for deaf students using sign language as the medium of teaching
Published two books
was able to communicate using signs
he didn't create the signs, he learned from his deaf students
The National Institute for Deaf-Mutes was completely free to attend
first of its kind
1776: Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb by Means of Methodical Signs
1784: True Manner of Instructing the Deaf and Dumb, Confirmed by Long Practice