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From theory to practice, SITI NUR SYAHIRAH BT M TOREK, TESL 1 - Coggle…
From theory to practice
Speaking
Characteristics
- Instantenoues
- Considered as very fast
- Unplanned
- Linear structure
- Spoken with different accents
Listening
As acquisition
- "we won’t learn anything from input we hear and understand unless we notice something about the input
- learners need to take part in activities which require them to try out and experiment in using newly noticed language forms in order for new learning items to become incorporated into their linguistic repertoire
As comprehension
- Goal; extracting meaning from messages
Classroom materials:
- Sequencing tasks
True-false comprehension tasks
- Picture identification tasks
- Summary tasks
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Bottom-up
- Using the incoming input to understand the message
- Comprehension; sounds, words, clauses, sentences, texts- meaning is arrived
- Basis: Listener's lexical and grammatical competence
- "Chunking" - mentally break utterances down to its components.
Exercise:
- Identifying the referents of pronouns in an utterance
- Recognize the time reference of an utterance, the order in words occurred in an utterance
- Identifysequence markers
- Distinguish between positive and negative statements
- Identify key words that occurred in a spoken text , which modal verbs occurred in as spoken text
Top-down
- The use of background knowledge in understanding the meaning of a message
- From meaning to language
- Background knowledge; previous, contextual knowledge and 'schemata/scripts'
- If the listener is unable to make use of
top-down processing, an utterance or discourse may be incomprehensible
Students;
- Generate a set of questions they expect to hear about a topic and listen to see if they are answered.
- Generate a list of things they already know about a topic and things they would like to learn more about. Then listen and compare.
- Read one speaker’s part in a conversation, predict the other speaker’s part, then listen and compare.
- Read a list of key points to be covered in a talk, then listen to see which ones were mentioned.
- Listen to part of a story, complete the rest of it, then listen and compare endings.
- Read news headlines, guess what happened, then listen to the news items and compare.
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SITI NUR SYAHIRAH BT M TOREK, TESL 1