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Respiratory system, Exercise, Cardio Vascular system, Nose, Eyes,…

- - - - Bring air into the nose to be filtered warmed and moistened
      - Hairs called cilia protect the respiratory system from possible dust and pollen particles that may be trying to get in.
    - - Used to inhale air
    - - where airways converge
      - carries food and air
      - used for digestion and respiration
      - One path for food (oesophagus)
      - One path air (trachea)
    - - Takes air to lungs
      - Has stiff walls of cartilage rings to keep it open.
      - 12cm long
      - Lined with tiny hairs
        
        catch foreign particles out of the airway.
      - Branches off into one of the two lungs and continues to branch like a tree.
    - - Covers trachea when swallowing food to avoid cholking.
    - - Vocal cords
        
        Voice box
      - At the top of the trachea
    - - Small branches of the windpipe which are inside the lungs.
    - - Look a bit like grapes
      - Are at the ends of the bronchioles
      - they are air sacs
        
        surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries
        
        capillaries transfer the oxygen and co2
- - - - from 15 times per minute (12 litres of air)
        
        resting
      - to around 40 - 60 times per minute
        
        during exercise
- - - - The left side of the heart pumps the blood around the body through the aorta
      - More muscular
- - - - right side (on left in diagram)
      - Left side (on right in diagram)
      - this prevents oxygen rich and poor blood from mixing
    - - this is 35 million beats per year
  - - - between right ventricle and pulmonary valve
    - - between left ventricle and aorta
    - - Between right atrium and right ventricle
    - - Between left atrium and left ventricle
- - - - systole
        
        ventricles contract
        
        forcing blood through vessels that go to the lungs and around the body (pulmonary artery and aorta.
        
        right ventricle contracts a little bit before the left ventricle
    - - diastole
        
        Ventricles relax
        
        filled with blood coming from the atriums
- - - - right atrium
        
        tricuspid valve
        
        right ventricle
        
        pulmonary artery (splits into 2 vessels)
        
        lungs
        
        pulmonary veins
        
        1 more item...
- - - - combines the oxygenated blood with nutrients from food
- - - - every 3-8 weeks
  - - - amygdala
      - thalamus
      - neocortex
      - sight and sound go to a relay centre in the middle before being sent to different parts of the brain
- - - - send signals along olfactory nerve
        
        olfactory bulb
        
        brain
      - in brain
  - - - olfactory epithelium
        
        dissolve and go through olfactory receptor cells
        
        olfactory tract
        
        brain
        
        connects olfactory bulb to the cerebral cortex
- - - - lungs
- - - - ciliary muscles change the focus of the lens
      - it makes lens thicker to see close and thinner to see far
  - - - they turn light into electric nerve messages
    - - black and white and shades of grey
      - help to see in dark
      - helps to see shapes and forms
    - - sensitive to primary colours
        
        red, green, blue
        
        these make up billions of colours
      - need more light to see
  - - - brain translates messages
- - - - thyroid gland
        
        releases hormones to increase metabolism
        
        increases energy that body creates
        
        therefore increases amount of heat it produces
- - - - control pituitary gland secretions
        
        regulates secretion from anterior
      - stored in pituitary gland
  - - - regulate many other endocrine glands
      - Growth Hormone (GH)
        
        too much = gigantism
        
        too little = dwarfism
      - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
        
        stimulates kidneys to keep water
      - thyroid stimulating hormone
        
        stimulates thyroid hormone production
      - follicle stimulating production
        
        stimulates egg production in females
        
        stimulates sperm production in males
    - - responds to information from Hypothalamus
    - - anterior
        
        front
        
        4 hormones
        
        directly influence release of hormones from other endocrine glands
        
        ACTH
        
        adrenal
        
        TSH
        
        thyroid
        
        FSH and LH
        
        ovaries and testes
      - posterior
        
        back
  - - - regulate blood calcium levels
  - - - releases thymosin
        
        stimulates T-cell development
    - - immune system
      - stem cells in bone marrow
  - - - increases heart rate
      - shuts down digestion
      - makes energy available to muscles
    - - help body to deal with stress
- - - - involved in rhythmic activities
        
        sleep-wake cycles
        
        circadian cycles
  - - - regulates metabolism
      - makes cells consume more oxygen and nutrients
      - regulates body temperature
  - - - decreases blood glucose
      - beta cells
    - - help speed up digestion
    - - Alpha cells
      - increases blood glucose
    - - autoimmune disease
      - immune system destroys its own beta cells
      - can cause the body to have:
        
        heart attacks
        
        nerve damage
  - - - development of
        
        secondary sex characteristics
        
        breasts
        
        pubic hair
        
        period
        
        eggs
    - - prepares uterus for a fertilised egg
  - - - responsible for
        
        sperm production
        
        male secondary sex characteristics
        
        pubic hair
        
        facial hair
- - - - regulate metabolism
      - regulate growth
      - regulate development
      - (Chemical signals)
      - move through blood stream
- - - - low blood sugar
      - keeping the correct body temperature
      - when some variable triggers a counteracting response in order to come back to homeostasis.
      - body reduces the stimulus
        
        uses the stimulus response model
      - requires
        
        receptor
        
        control centre
        
        effector
      - Negative feedback loop
        
        receptor
        
        control centre
        
        effector
        
        receives directions from the control center and produces a response that restores the controlled condition
        
        determines the normal range of the variable and determines response to the stimulus
        
        structures that monitor a controlled condition and detect changes
    - - childbirth
      - intensifies the variable
        
        as opposed to counteracting it
    - - responses made after change has been detected
- - - - in the form of electrical signals
      - to, from and within CENTRAL nervous system
      - wires of a circuit
  - - - nucleus
      - called soma
    - - branches that receive messages
      - highly sensitive
      - receive info
        
        from previous neurons axon terminals
        
        do not touch the axon terminal of proceeding neuron
        
        synapse
        
        small gap between 2 neurons
        
        synaptic gap
        
        special chemicals are released
        
        axon terminal
        
        move across synaptic gap
        
        bind to dendrites
        
        continues nerve signal
        
        called neurotransmitters
        
        protein based
        
        cause voltage to be sent through ion channels
        
        1 more item...
        
        If a neurotransmitter is "leaking" then specialised enzymes destroy the faulty transmitter
    - - thread-like structure
      - carries impulses to other neurons
        
        only travels in one direction
        
        sent down axon
        
        to axon terminal
      - also called nerve fibre
    - - fatty layer
      - sometimes insulates dendrite
      - covers axon
      - insulates axon
      - helps speed up signal
      - nodes of raniver
        
        specialized axonal segments
        
        lack myelin
        
        signal jumps between nodes
        
        regulates neuron excitability
      - Schwann cells
        
        secrete myelin
  - - - transmit messages
        
        sensory organ
        
        central nervous system
      - aka afferent
        
        they detect
      - cell body doesn't have dendrites
    - - transmit messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons
      - connecter neurons
      - most common neuron in the body
    - - transmit messages from central nervous system to effectors
        
        muscle cells
        
        glands
        
        to initiate a respons
      - aka efferent
- - - - control centre
        
        nerves
        
        effector
        
        response
        
        (effectors are muscles or glands)
        
        hormones
      - receptors transmit CHEMICAL message to sensory neuron
  - - - act without thinking
      - automatic action
    - - brain
      - muscles
        
        via motor neurons
      - muscles are moving at same time that brain receives message
    - - pathway that the message takes to make a reflex
  - - - up to 119 m/s
  - - - detects stimulus
      - sensory neuron
        
        co-ordinator
        
        motor neuron
        
        effector
        
        response
        
        muscles and glands
        
        brain and spinal cord
- - - - receptors send messages to the brain
      - e.g if receptors feel thirsty and hot, the brain will respond by telling the body to drink water
  - - - sensitive to chemicals
        
        odour
        
        food flavours
        
        located in
        
        nose
        
        tongue
    - - sensitive to touch
        
        located in
        
        skin
        
        inner ear
        
        muscles
      - pressure
      - sound
      - motion
    - - sensitive to chemical changes in damaged cells
      - located in
        
        all throughout the body
        
        mostly in skin
    - - sensitive to temperature changes
      - located in
        
        skin
    - - sensitive to light
      - located in
        
        eyes
- - - - brain
        
        Structure
        
        Frontal lobe
        
        emotions
        
        reasoning
        
        movement
        
        problem solving
        
        largest lobe
        
        Parietal lobe
        
        Perception of senses
        
        Temporal lobe
        
        recognition of sound and smells
        
        Occipital lobe
        
        Vision
        
        parts
        
        cerebrum
        
        biggest part
        
        thinking
        
        controls voluntary muscles
        
        store memories
        
        make feelings and emotions possible
        
        by weight
        
        more than 85% of brain
        
        split into 2 halves
        
        right side of cerebrum controls left
        
        left side controls right
        
        comprised of grey matter
        
        brain stem
        
        connect brain to spinal cord
        
        located at base of brain
        
        spinal cord
        
        bundle of cords protected by spine
        
        main pathway for information to flow from brain to rest of body
        
        in charge of function body needs to stay alive
        
        breathing
        
        circulating blood
        
        digesting food
        
        corpus callosum
        
        bridge in brain
        
        thick band of nerve fibres that connect 2 halves of the brain
        
        cerebellum
        
        at the back of brain
        
        controls balance and coordination
        
        hypothalamus
        
        below thalamus
        
        above pituitary gland
        
        size of an almone
        
        directly above brain stem at base of brain
        
        "smart control coordinating centre"
        
        keeps body stable in homeostasis
        
        manages hormones
        
        autonomic nervous system
        
        related to growth and nutrition
        
        endocrine gland
        
        temperature regulation
        
        hormones to regulate temperature and sweating
        
        dilates blood vessels
        
        behavioural responses
        
        taking off jumper etc...
        
        hydration
        
        hormones to the kidneys
      - spinal cord
      - co-ordinator
      - makes sense of messages received by sense organs
      - co-ordinates responses
        
        muscles
        
        glands
      - controls voluntary actions
        
        moving
    - - bundles of nerves
        
        relay messages between
        
        sense organs
        
        central nervous system
        
        muscles
        
        glands
        
        spread through entire body like branches
        
        made up of different types of neurons
        
        outside of cns
        
        carries information to and from cns
      - controls involuntary actions
        
        breathing
      - 2 parts
        
        somatic nervous system
        
        controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements
        
        waving
        
        autonomic nervous system
        
        breathing
        
        heartbeat
        
        digestion
        
        salivation
        
        perspiration
        
        comprised of 2 parts
        
        sympathetic
        
        prepares for action
        
        fight or flight
        
        parasympathetic
        
        calms body
        
        conserves energy
        
        work in opposition
        
        parasympathetic decreases heart rate
        
        sympathetic heart rate increases heart rate
- - - - the average person contains 10, 000 taste buds
      - detects sweet, sour, salty and bitter
      - without the noses smelling power you cant taste much
- - - - agonist
    - - antagonist
- - - - force required to move the load must be greater than the mass of the load
    - - ankle joint
- - - - turning effect generated when the effort is applied to a lever to rotate it on the fulcrum
    - - force x distance
- - - - You get a cut
      - white blood cells produce histamine
        
        tells capillaries to open up
      - blood plasma enters tissue area
        
        slows down foreign invadors
        
        causes swelling
      - white blood cells release cytocynes
        
        calls more white blood cells to the area
      - the white blood cells enter the tissue
        
        fight foreign invadors
  - - - good
      - helps to keep foreign substances away
    - - bad
      - develops commonly from an autoimmune disorder
      - occurs when the body reacts in order to fight off a foreign substance but there is actually nothing there which causes the body to destroy its own tissue.
- - - - major ligament in the knee
  - - - soccer, basketball, football and downhill skiing.
  - - - this is known as the ‘endfeel’. At times, it can be hard to determine the ligaments integrity, but as an experienced therapist you get to know the sensation of a ruptured ligament well
- - - - a thin piece of tightly stretched skin
      - soundwaves collected by the outer ear cause it to vibrate
      - as it vibrates it moves a set of three bones on the other side
        
        when it vibrates it moves 3 tiny bones on the others side (ossicles)
        
        Hammer
        
        Anvil
        
        Stirrup
  - - - small tube filled with liquid.
      - vibrating ossicles create waves in liquid in cochlea
      - cochlea is lined with tiny hairs in basilar membrane
        
        waves move the hairs which create nerve signals that are sent to the brain
        
        the brain understands these signals as sound
- - - - new cells are being made all of the time at the bottom
      - they slowly make their way up to the surface
      - takes them 4 weeks to make their way to the top
      - they are dead by the time they reach the surface
      - a person is constantly shedding skin cells
    - - more melanin = darker skin
      - melanin helps to protect you from the sun
  - - - when cold they become small to keep warm blood away from cold surface and vice-versa
    - - read sensations that touch the skin
      - the nerves send messages through the nervous system to the brain
      - the brain will respond depending on the sensation
        
        e.g if something is hot the brain tells you to stop touching it
    - - connected to hair follicle
      - send a sticky substance called sebum up to the epidermis and to the surface
      - oil protects and moistens skin
    - - start in dermis in small knots
      - produce sweat that travels up tot surface
      - sweat comes out of pores
        
        evaporates to cool the skin
  - - - near the base of the hair erector pili (muscles) tighten when the body is cold
      - this pulls the hair straighter and traps heat
      - pilomotor reflex (creates goose bumps)